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| − | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1">'''Perancangan Sistem Penyulingan Air Kotor '''</p></div> | + | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1">''' Menggunakan Sensor Cahaya Dengan Interface Visual Basic.Net '''''</ p> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''Perancangan Sistem Penyulingan Air Kotor'''</P></div> |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1">'''Dan SqL Server Berbasisi Mikrokontroller ATMega328'''</p></div> | + | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1">''' LAPORAN [[SKRIPSI]]'''</ p></div> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''Menggunakan Sensor Cahaya Dengan Interface Visual Basic.Net'''</P></div> |
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| − | [[File:Logo stmik raharja.jpg|center|150px|jpg]]
| + | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1 " style="text-align: center;">''' OLEH :'''</P ></div> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''Dan SqL Server Berbasisi Mikrokontroller ATMega328'''</P> |
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| − | <div align="right"style="font-size: 12pt;font-family: 'times new roman'"> | + | <div style="font-size: 16pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | {| align="center"
| + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''[[Skripsi|SKRIPSI]]'''</P></div> |
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| − | |- style="font-size: 14pt;font-family:'times new roman'"
| + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | | align="center" | '''1031465030''' || width="30" | || align="center" | '''[[AKHMAD ADI SAPAR]]''' | + | [[File:Logo stmik raharja.jpg|150px|center]]</div> |
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| + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | |}
| + | <p style="line-height: ">'''Disusun Oleh :'''</P></div> |
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| − | </div>
| + | {|table align="center" |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"><p style="line-height: 1" style="text-align: center;">'''SEKOLAH TINGGI MANAJEMEN DAN ILMU KOMPUTER'''</P></div>
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| − | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"> | + | |<div style="font-size: 14pt ;font-family: 'times new roman';text_align: left">'''NIM'''</div>||<div style="font-size: 12pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: left" >: '''1031465030'''</div> |
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| − | <p style="line-height: 1" style="text-align: center;">'''RAHARJA'''</P></div>
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| − | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"> | + | |<div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: left"> '''NAMA'''</div>||<div style="font-size: 12pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: left">: '''[[Akhmad Adi Sapar]]'''</div> |
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| | + | |} |
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| − | <p style="line-height: 1" style="text-align: center;">'''[[Tangerang|TANGERANG]]'''</P></div> | + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center"> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''JURUSAN [[SISTEM KOMPUTER]]'''</P></div> |
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| − | <p style="line-height: 1" style="text-align: center;">'''(2014/2015)'''</P></div> | + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''KONSENTRASI KOMPUTER SISTEM'''</P></div> |
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| | + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <br /> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''SEKOLAH TINGGI MANAJEMEN DAN ILMU KOMPUTER'''</P></div> |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 32.85pt; text-align: center;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
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| − | I</span></b></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di era globalisasi ini ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi telah
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| − | mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat, begitu pun dengan sistem kendali
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| − | otomatis. Dengan adanya kemajuan di bidang tersebut banyak menghasilkan
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| − | kreatifitas dan inovasi baru untuk kearah yang lebih maju yaitu mempermudah
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| − | pekerjaan manusia dan memberikan manfaat besar di segala bidang. </span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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| − | Air merupakan sumber bagi kehidupan, sering kita mendengar
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| − | bumi di sebut sebagai pelanet biru karena air menutupi ¾ permukaan bumi tetapi
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| − | tidak jarang pula kita mengalami kesulitan mendapatkan air bersih, terutama
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| − | saat musim kemarau di saat air mulai mengalami berubah warna atau berbau
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| − | sekalipun air sungai atau sumber air lainnya yang mulai menjadi kotor, ataupun
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| − | berbau selama kuantitasnya masih banyak kita masih dapat berupaya merubah atau
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| − | menjernihkan air kotor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut menjadi
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| − | air bersih yang layak pakai. ada berbagai cara sederhana yang dapat kita
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| − | gunakan untuk mendapatkan air bersih ,dan cara yang paling mudah dan paling
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| − | umum digunakan adalah dengan membuat saringan air Dengan cara manual. </div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada kesempatan ini
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| − | penulis ingin membuat suatu alat di mana alat tersebut dapat memproses dan merubah
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| − | air kotor menjadi air bersih.secara otomatis dengan menggunakan sensor cahaya.
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| − | Sehingga dapat di manfaatkan untuk kebutuhan kehidupan sehari-hari misalkan untuk
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| − | mencuci pakaian, mandi,dan memasak. </div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu adanya sistem kontrol
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| − | otomatis, yaitu dengan cara membuat sistem atau alat penyulingan air kotor
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| − | menjadi air bersih secara otomatis menggunakan mikrokontroller ATMega 328 . </span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kesempatan ini penulis mencoba mempersembahkan
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| − | sebuah karya Sekripsi dengan judul </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perancangan Sistem
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| − | Penyulingan Air Kotor Menggunakan Sensor Cahaya Dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interface</i> <span style="color: black;">Visual Basic.Net </span>Dan SqL
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| − | Server Berbasisi Mikrokontroller ATMega328’’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlunya
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| − | pemahaman tentang komponen-komponen elektronika sangat dibutuhkan pada
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| − | perancangan embedded system ini. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka memberikan kontribusi
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| − | terhadap perkembangan </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">COS</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">computer system</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">) yang merupakan salah satu </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">konsentrasi yang membahas mengenai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dari jurusan Sistem Komputer di Perguruan Tinggi Raharja.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Perumusan Masalah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beberapa hal yang
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| − | menjadi perumusan masalah dalam penyusunan laporan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini antara lain:</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana
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| − | </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">membuat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">aplikasi</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
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| − | visual basic.net</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang mampu
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| − | menjadikan media pengontrolan untuk mengontrol</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sistem penyulingan air
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| − | kotor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">?</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
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| − | cara kerja dari empat buah motor AC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water
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| − | Pump</i> dan sensor cahaya LDR?</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
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| − | komunikasi antara aplikasi Visual Basic.net dengan sistem penyulingan air kotor
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| − | yang menjadi objek pengontrolan?</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ruang Lingkup Penelitian</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai
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| − | pembatasan pembahasan pada penelitian ini sehingga tetap fokus dan sesuai
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| − | dengan tujuan yang ditetapkan, maka peneliti memberikan ruang lingkup laporan
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| − | sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
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| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perancangan</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sistem penyulingan air
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| − | kotor</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang
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| − | menggunakan Mikrokontroler</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ATMega328</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai otak utama untuk pengendalian.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
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| − | </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sensor yang digunakan adalah </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sensor
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| − | Cahaya LDR<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>sebagai sensor pendeteksi
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| − | tingkat kejernihan air, dan motor AC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water
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| − | Pump</i> sebagai penghisap air.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
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| − | Aplikasi Visual Basic.net untuk mengontrol sistem penyulingan air, melalui
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| − | prangkat komputer </span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
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| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. air yang di pergunakan menggunakan air
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| − | kotor biasa bukan air yang terkontaminasi dengan zat kimia.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 7.1pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Dan Manfaat Penelitian</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penelitian</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">a.
| + | |
| − | Tujuan Operasional</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menggunakan
| + | |
| − | Visual Basic.net sebagai pengontrolan, penyulingan air kotor.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memanfaatkan motor AC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water Pump</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penghisap air.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memanfaatkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)</i> sebagai sensor
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dapat mendeteksi tingkat
| + | |
| − | kejernihan air kotor.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan Fungsional</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Membuat
| + | |
| − | sistem penyulingan air yang lebih baik lagi <span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Membuat
| + | |
| − | Sistem penyulingan air kotor yang dapat di kontrol melalui Aplikasi Visual
| + | |
| − | Basic.net. tidak dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara manual.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan Individu (pribadi)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memenuhi syarat kelulusan untuk jenjang Strata
| + | |
| − | (S1).<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengaplikasikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ilmu </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang penulis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dapat </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">selama pekuliahan.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat
| + | |
| − | Penelitian</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: 0in 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Manfaat Individual</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat
| + | |
| − | mengembangkan ilmu yang penulis dapatkan selama <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkuliahan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memberikan
| + | |
| − | kepuasan karena dapat menciptakan sesuatu yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bermanfaat bagi masyarakat.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memberikan
| + | |
| − | suatu terobosan </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">baru </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tempat </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">perkuliahan
| + | |
| − | penulis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> di </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">STMIK
| + | |
| − | RAHARJA.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manfaat fungsional </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Dapat membantu mengurangi tingkat kekurangan air bersih.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interface </i>Visual Basic.net maka sistem penyulingan air kotor dapat
| + | |
| − | bekerja secara otomatis.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c.
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manfaat operasional</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dapat membantu seseorang dalam hal
| + | |
| − | penyulingan air tanpa harus dengan cara manual</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem penyulingan dapat bekerja secara
| + | |
| − | epektif sehingga dapat menghasilkan air bersih.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode
| + | |
| − | Penelitian</span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam melakukan
| + | |
| − | penelitian ini, maka metode yang penulis terapkan adalah:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Pengumpulan Data</span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 28.35pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">Observasi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">Melalui pengamatan dan pengalaman yang didapat
| + | |
| − | untuk mengetahui proses pengerjaan untuk menghasilkan prototype </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem alat penyulingan air kotor
| + | |
| − | serta aplikasi dan rancangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">device</i> yang
| + | |
| − | di gunakan untuk sebagai pengontrolan penyulingan air kotor.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Melalui pengamatan lapangan untuk
| + | |
| − | memperoleh informasi tentang jenis bahan atau peralatan apa saja yang di
| + | |
| − | butuhkan, tentunya ekonomis dan terjangkau, namun teteap memenuhi
| + | |
| − | keriteria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 0in 56.7pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Studi Pustaka</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 85.5pt 94.5pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode untuk mendapatkan
| + | |
| − | informasi dengan mencatat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>mempelajari buku-buku atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literature
| + | |
| − | review</i> yang berhubungan dengan penelitian dari berbagai sumber yang
| + | |
| − | tertulis maupun elektronik. Sebagian besar penulis melakukan pengumpulan data
| + | |
| − | dan metode diambil dari situs-situs internet, dan sisanya dari buku cetak.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diskusi Ilmiah </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 85.5pt 1.25in 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengumpulkan data dengan melakukan serangkaian diskusi dengan
| + | |
| − | pihak lain yang lebih memahami dan menguasai, sehingga didapat pemecahan
| + | |
| − | masalah yang di hadapi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Metode
| + | |
| − | Analisa<span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode ini melakukan analisa suatu sistem
| + | |
| − | yang sudah ada, bagai mana sistem itu berjalan dan apakah kekurangan dari
| + | |
| − | sistem tersebut pada sistem yang sekarang dalam penggunaannya masih
| + | |
| − | manualsehingga perlu adanya sistem yang dapat membantu dalam pekerjaan keidupan
| + | |
| − | sehari hari.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode Perancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam metode perancangan ini kita dapat
| + | |
| − | mengetahui bagai mana sistem itu di buat atau di rancang dan alat apa saja yang
| + | |
| − | di butuhkan. Melalui tahapan pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flawchart
| + | |
| − | </i>dari sistem yang akan di buatdan pembuatan desain aplikasi pengontrolan
| + | |
| − | berupa perancangan perangkat lunak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(
| + | |
| − | software</i>) dan perangkat keras (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware)</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode Pengujuian</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada metode pengujian ini yang di pakai
| + | |
| − | adalah metode pengujian adalah metode pengujian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">black box</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistematika Penulisan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memahami lebih jelas mengenai
| + | |
| − | Laporan SKRIPSI, penulis mengelompokkan laporan ini menjadi beberapa sub-sub
| + | |
| − | dengan sistematika penulisan. Penulisan ini terdiri dari lima bab dan beberapa
| + | |
| − | lampiran dengan sistematik yang tersusun sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab
| + | |
| − | ini berisi uraian latar belakang, perumusan masalah, ruang lingkup penelitian,
| + | |
| − | tujuan dan manfaat, metode penelitian dan sistematika penulisan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0in;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LANDASAN
| + | |
| − | TEORI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab ini berisi landasan teori sebagai konsep dasar dalam
| + | |
| − | penyusunan alat dan beberapa definisi yang sesuai dengan penelitian sehingga
| + | |
| − | menghasilkan karya yang bernilai ilmiah.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB
| + | |
| − | III <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERANCANGAN DAN
| + | |
| − | PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab
| + | |
| − | ini berisi rancangan pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Perancangan Sistem Penyulingan Air Kotor
| + | |
| − | Menggunakan Sensor Cahaya Dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interface</i>
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black;">Visual Basic.Net </span>Dan SqL Server Berbasisi Mikrokontroller
| + | |
| − | ATMega328’’</b> dan</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Flow Chart </span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari sistem yang akan di bangun komunikasi
| + | |
| − | antara mikrokontroler dengan sensor cahaya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB
| + | |
| − | IV<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IMPLEMENTASI DAN
| + | |
| − | PERANCANGAN</span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bab ini berisi
| + | |
| − | tentang implementasi dari sistem yang telah dirancang kemudian dilakukan
| + | |
| − | pengujian atas kinerja dari sistem dan analisa terhadap komunikasi antara
| + | |
| − | mikrokontroler ATmega328, sensor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> cahaya sebagai
| + | |
| − | pendeteksi tingkat kejernihan air, Motor AC, sebagai media penggerak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Water pump.</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB
| + | |
| − | </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab
| + | |
| − | ini berisi tentang kesimpulan dan saran dari pembuatan alat dan laporan sebagai
| + | |
| − | upaya untuk perbaikan kedepan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
| + | |
| − | PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN</span></b></div>
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| | | | |
| − | <!--[if !mso]> | + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
| − | <style>
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| − | v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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| − | o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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| − | w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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| − | .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
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| − | </style>
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| − | <![endif]-->
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| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''[[STMIK RAHARJA]]'''</P></div> |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB
| + | |
| − | II</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">LANDASAN
| + | |
| − | TEORI</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teori | + | |
| − | Umum</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep
| + | |
| − | Dasar Sistem<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi
| + | |
| − | Sistem</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut Mustakini (20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:34), “Sistem dapat didefinisikan dengan pendekatan
| + | |
| − | prosedur dan pendekatan komponen, sistem dapat didefinisikan sebagai kumpulan
| + | |
| − | dari prosedur-prosedur yang mempunyai tujuan tertentu”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut Sutarman
| + | |
| − | (2012:13),</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − | “Sistem adalah kumpulan elemen yang saling berhubungan dan berinteraksi dalam
| + | |
| − | satu kesatuan untuk menjalankan suatu proses pencapaian suatu tujuan utama”.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span class="FontStyle43"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dari pendapat yang dikemukakan di atas dapat disimpulkan
| + | |
| − | bahwa </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">sistem adalah suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">jaringan kerja yang terdiri dari input, proses dan output</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> yang saling </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">terintegrasi dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> saling ber</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">interaksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> satu sama lain untuk
| + | |
| − | mencapai tujuan tertentu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik
| + | |
| − | Sistem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut Mustakini (20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:54), bahwa suatu sistem
| + | |
| − | mempunyai karakteristik. Karakteristik sistem adalah sebagai berikut:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen sistem (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">components system</i>)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Komponen sistem adalah segala
| + | |
| − | sesuatu yang menjadi bagian penyusun sistem. Komponen sistem dapat berupa benda
| + | |
| − | nyata ataupun abstrak. Komponen sistem disebut sebagai subsistem, dapat berupa
| + | |
| − | orang, benda, hal atau kejadian yang terlibat didalam sistem.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mempunyai batas sistem (<i>boundary</i>)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Batas sistem diperlukan untuk membedakan satu sistem
| + | |
| − | dengan sistem lain. Tanpa adanya batas sistem maka sangat sulit untuk
| + | |
| − | menjelaskan suatu sistem. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batas sistem akan memberikan
| + | |
| − | batasan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scope</i> tinjauan terhadap
| + | |
| − | sistem.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai lingkungan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">environment</i>)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lingkungan sistem adalah
| + | |
| − | segala sesuatu yang berada di luar sistem. Lingkungan sistem dapat
| + | |
| − | menguntungkan ataupun merugikan. Umumnya, lingkungan yang menguntungkan akan selalu
| + | |
| − | dipertahankan untuk menjaga keberlangsungan sistem. Sedangkan lingkungan sistem
| + | |
| − | yang merugikan akan diupayakan agar mempunyai pengaruh seminimal mungkin,
| + | |
| − | bahkan jika mungkin ditiadakan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mempunyai penghubung atau antar muka (<i>interface</i>)
| + | |
| − | antar komponen</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Penghubung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">antar muka merupakan komponen sistem, yaitu segala
| + | |
| − | sesuatu yang bertugas menjembatani hubungan antar komponen dalam sistem.
| + | |
| − | Penghubung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">antar muka merupakan sarana yang
| + | |
| − | memungkinkan setiap komponen saling berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi dalam rangka
| + | |
| − | menjalankan fungsi masing-masing komponen. Dalam dunia komputer,
| + | |
| − | penghubung/antar muka dapat berupa berbagai macam tampilan dialog layar monitor
| + | |
| − | yang memungkinkan seseorang dapat dengan mudah mengoperasikan sistem aplikasi
| + | |
| − | komputer yang digunakannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> Masukan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-font-width: 114%;">(input)</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Masukan merupakan komponen sistem,
| + | |
| − | yaitu segala sesuatu yang perlu dimasukkan ke dalam sistem sebagai bahan yang
| + | |
| − | akan diolah lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan keluaran yang berguna. Dalam sistem
| + | |
| − | Informasi Manajemen, masukan di sebut sebagai data.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> Pengolahan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(processing)</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Dalam sistem informasi manajemen,
| + | |
| − | pengolahan adalah berupa program aplikasi komputer yang dikembangkan <span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">untuk k</span>eperluan khusus. Program aplikasi
| + | |
| − | tersebut mampu menerima masukan, mengolah masukan, dan menampilkan hasil olahan
| + | |
| − | sesuai dengan kebutuhan para pemakai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> Keluaran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(output)</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Keluaran merupakan komponen sistem
| + | |
| − | berupa berbagai macam bentuk keluaran yang dihasilkan oleh komponen pengolahan.
| + | |
| − | Dalam sistem informasi manajemen, keluaran adalah informasi yang dihasilkan
| + | |
| − | oleh program aplikasi yang akan digunakan oleh pemakai sebagai bahan
| + | |
| − | pengambilan keputusan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Mempunyai Sasaran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(objective)</i>
| + | |
| − | dan Tujuan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(goal)</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Setiap komponen dalam sistem perlu
| + | |
| − | dijaga agar saling bekerja sama dengan harapan agar mampu mencapai sasaran dan
| + | |
| − | tujuan sistem. Sasaran berbeda dengan tujuan. Sasaran sistem adalah apa yang
| + | |
| − | ingin dicapai oleh sistem untuk jangka waktu yang relative pendek. Sedangkan
| + | |
| − | tujuan merupakan kondisi/hasil akhir yang ingin dicapai oleh sistem untuk jangka
| + | |
| − | waktu yang panjang. Dalam hal ini, sasaran merupakan hasil pada setiap tahapan
| + | |
| − | tertentu yang mendukung upaya pencapaian tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Mempunyai Kendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(control)</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Bagian kendali mempunyai peran utama
| + | |
| − | menjaga agar proses dalam sistem dapat berlangsung secara normal sesuai batasan
| + | |
| − | yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Dalam sistem informasi manajemen, kendali
| + | |
| − | dapat berupa validasi masukan, validasi proses, maupun validasi keluaran yang
| + | |
| − | dapat dirancang dan dikembangkan secara terprogram.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level8 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Mempunyai Umpan Balik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(feed back)</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Umpan balik diperlukan oleh bagian
| + | |
| − | kendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(control)</i> sistem untuk
| + | |
| − | mengecek terjadinya penyimpangan proses dalam sistem dan mengembalikannya ke
| + | |
| − | dalam kondisi norma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: HE;">.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kriteria
| + | |
| − | Sistem Yang Baik</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kriteria sistem yang baik antara lain:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem harus menghasilkan informasi yang tepat pada
| + | |
| − | waktunya, relevan yang berarti sistem tersebut mempunyai manfaat bagi
| + | |
| − | pemakainya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ekonomis</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam merancang atau membangun sebuah sistem sebisa
| + | |
| − | mungkin hemat pada biaya perancangan, perawatan maupun operasional sistem
| + | |
| − | tersebut.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kehandalan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Keluaran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i>)
| + | |
| − | sistem harus memiliki tingkat ketelitian yang sangat tinggi dan sistem itu
| + | |
| − | sendiri harus mampu beroperasi secara efektif dan efisien.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kapasitas</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem harus mempunyai kapasitas yang memadai untuk
| + | |
| − | menangani periode-periode operasi puncak seperti pada saat sistem beroperasi
| + | |
| − | pada puncak.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fleksibilitas</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem harus cukup fleksibilitas
| + | |
| − | untuk menampung perubahan yang akan muncul sewaktu-waktu.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep Dasar Pengontrolan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Definisi Pengontrolan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Menurut Erinofiardi (2012:261),
| + | |
| − | “Suatu sistem control otomatis dalam suatu proses kerja berfungsi mengendalikan
| + | |
| − | proses tanpa adanya campur tangan manusia(otomatis)”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Kontrol otomatis
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| − | mempunyai peran penting dalam dunia industry modern saat ini. Seiring
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| − | perkembangan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem kontrol otomatis telah mendorong
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| − | manusia untuk berusaha mengatasi segala permasalahan yang timbul di sekitarnya
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| − | dengan cara yang lebih mudah, efisien dan efektif. Adanya kontrol otomatis
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| − | secara tidak langsung dapat menggantikan peran manusia dalam meringankan segala
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| − | aktifitasnya.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Berdasarkan Ejaan Yang
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| − | Disempurnakan (EYD) pengontrolan berasal dari kata kontrol. Kontrol sama dengan
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| − | pengawasan, pemeriksaan dan pengendalian.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Pada industri besar dan
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| − | modern sangat memerlukan tenaga ahli perencanaan sistem pengendali dan
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| − | perancangan desain sistem pengendali, termasuk teknisi professional sebagai
| + | |
| − | operator. Tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa pengontrolan berasal dari berbagai
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| − | disiplin ilmu yang saling berhubungan karena teori sistem pengendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">modern</i> di kembangkan guna mengatasi
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| − | kerumitan yang dijumpai pada berbagai sistem pengendalian yang menuntut
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| − | kecepatan dan ketelitian yang tinggi dengan hasil<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> output</i> yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">optimal</i>.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Dalam sistem pengendali
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| − | kita mengenal adanya sistem pengendali Loop Terbuka (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Open-loop Control System</i>) dan Sistem Pengendali Loop Tertutup(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Closed-loop Control System</i>).</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.2pt;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Jenis-Jenis Pengontrolan.</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo6; tab-stops: 58.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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| − | </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">Sistem Kontrol
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| − | Loop Terbuka</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Menurut Erinofiardi (2012:261)
| + | |
| − | sistem kontol loop terbuka adalah “suatu sistem kontrol yang keluarannya tidak
| + | |
| − | berpengaruh terhadap aksi pengontrolan. Dengan demikian pada sistem kontol ini
| + | |
| − | nilai keluaran tidak di umpan-balikkan ke parameter pengendalian.”</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
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| + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;"></span></div> | + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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| − | <b>Sumber : Erinofiardi (2012:261)</b></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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| − | <b>Gambar 2.1. Sistem Pengendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loop </i>Terbuka</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Gambar diagram blok diatas
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| − | menggambarkan bahwa didalam sistem tersebut tidak ada proses umpan balik untuk
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| − | memperbaiki keadaan alat terkendali jika terjadi kesalahan. Jadi tugas dari
| + | |
| − | elemen pengendali hanyalah memproses sinyal masukan kemudian mengirimkannya ke
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| − | alat terkendali.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.95pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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| − | </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">Sistem Kontrol
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| − | Loop Tertutup</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Menurut Erinofiardi(2012:261)
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| − | sistem kontrol loop tertutup adalah “Suatu sistem kontrol yang sinyal
| + | |
| − | keluarannya memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap aksi pengendalian yang di
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| − | lakukan”.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − |
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| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Yang menjadi ciri dari sistem
| + | |
| − | pengendali tertutup adalah adanya sinyal umpan balik. Sinyal umpan balik
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| − | merupakan sinyal keluaran atau fungsi keluaran dan turunannya, yang diumpankan
| + | |
| − | ke elemen kendali untuk memperkecil kesalahan dan membuat keluaran sistem
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| − | mendekati hasil yang diinginkan.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: center;">
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sumber : Erinofiardi(2012:262)</span></b></div>
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| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gambar 2.2. Sistem Pengendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loop</i> Tertutup</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Gambar di atas menyatakan
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| − | hubungan antara masukan dan keluaran dari suatu loop sistem tertutup. Sinyal
| + | |
| − | input yang sudah dibandingkan dengan sinyal umpan balik menghasilkan sinyal
| + | |
| − | selisih atau sinyal kesalahan yang akan dikirimkan ke dalam elemen pengendali
| + | |
| − | sehingga kemudian menghasilkan sebuah sinyal keluaran yang akan dikirim kealat
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| − | terkendali.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: windowtext;">Sinyal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> berupa masukan referensi yang akan menentukan suatu nilai
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| − | yang diharapkan bagi sistem yang dikendalikan tersebut. Dalam berbagi sistem
| + | |
| − | pengendalian, sinyal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> dihasilkan
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| − | oleh mikrokontroller.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep Dasar Flowchart</span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Definisi Flowchart </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Sulindawati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Fathoni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam Jurnal SAINTIKOM Vol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9, No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2010:8),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Flowchart adalah penggambaran </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">secara grafik dari langkah-langkah dau urutan-urutan prosedur dari
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| − | suatu <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">program”. </span></span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Adelia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jimmy Setiawan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurnal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Informasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vol.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">6,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">(2011:116),<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">“Flowchart<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penggambaran secara grafik dari
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| − | langkah-langkah dan urut-urutan prosedur dari suatu program”.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari pendapat yang dikemukakan di atas dapat
| + | |
| − | disimpulkan bahwa Flowchart<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
| + | |
| − | bentuk gambar/diagram yang mempunyai aliran satu atau </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">dua arah secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekuensial.</span></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Flowchart<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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| − | </span>biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempermudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyelesaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masalah </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">khususnya masalah yang perlu dipelajari dan
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| − | di evaluasi lebih lanjut. Bila </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">seorang
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| − | analisi dan programmer akan membuat flowchart, ada beberapa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">petunjuk yang harus diperhatikan </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara Membuat Flowchart </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>petunjuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flowchart<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Sulindawati dan Muhammad Fathoni dalam Jurnal SAINTIKOM </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 200%;">Vol. 9, No. 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2010:8): </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Flowchart digambarkan dari halaman atas ke bawah dan kiri ke kanan </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Aktifitas yang digambarkan harus didefinisikan secara hati-hati dan definisi
| + | |
| − | ini harus dapat dimengerti oleh pembacanya. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Kapan aktifitas dimulai dan berakhir harus ditentukan secara jelas</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;">Setiap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> langkah dari aktivitas harus diuraikan dengan menggunakan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">deskripsi kata kerja. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Setiap langkah dari aktifitas harus berada pada urutan yang benar </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 102%;">6. Lingkup
| + | |
| − | dan range dari aktifitas yang sedang digambarkanharus <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">ditelusuri dengan hati-hati. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Gunakan symbol-simbol flowchart yang standart. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -92.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Jenis-Jenis Flowchart </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -92.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada lima macam bagan alir yang akan dibahas di modul ini, yaitu <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sebagai berikut: </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagan Alir Sistem (Systems Flowchart) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: .9pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merupakan bagan yang menunjukkan alur kerja
| + | |
| − | atau apa yang sedang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">dikerjakan
| + | |
| − | di dalam system secara keseluruhan dan menjelaskan urutan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">dari prosedur-prosedur yang ada dalam sistem
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 101%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagan Alir Sistem (System Flowcharts)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;">b. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagan
| + | |
| − | Alir Dokumen (Document Flowchart) </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .9pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Menelusuri alur
| + | |
| − | dari data yang ditulis melalui sistem. Fungsi utamanya </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 104%;">untuk menelusuri alur form dan laporan sistem
| + | |
| − | dari satu bagian ke </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">bagian
| + | |
| − | yang lain. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.4.
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bagan Alir Dokumen (Document
| + | |
| − | Flowchart)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagan Alir Skematik (Schematic Flowchart) </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .9pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mirip dengan
| + | |
| − | Flowchart sistem yang menggambarkan suatu sistem atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosedur.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 2.5. <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Bagan Alir Skematik (Schematic Flowchart) </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. Bagan Alir Program (Program Flowchart) </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: .9pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keterangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rinci<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setiap </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">langkah program atau prosedur dilaksanakan </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 75.25pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 126.4pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.6. <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bagan Alir Program (Program Flowchart)</span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 126.4pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">e. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagan
| + | |
| − | Alir Proses (Process Flowchart) </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: .9pt; margin-top: 1.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-width: 102%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merupakan teknik
| + | |
| − | penggambaran rekayasa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%;">industrial
| + | |
| − | yangmemecah dan menganalisis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"> langkah
| + | |
| − | selanjutnya dari sebuahsistem. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 126.4pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 149.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2.7. <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Bagan Alir Proses (Process Flowchart)</span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 149.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 149.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2.8. <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Contoh Variasi Aplikasi Flowchart</span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Konsep Dasar White Box </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1.
| + | |
| − | Definisi White Box </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Menurut
| + | |
| − | Sodikin di dalam Jurnal Teknologi Informasi (2009:750), “Pengujian White Box
| + | |
| − | berfokus pada strukutr control pengguna”. <br />
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-width: 103%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut
| + | |
| − | Handaya dan Hakim Hartanto di dalam Jurnal Sistem </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Informasi (2011:204) “White<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Box<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebuah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>pengujian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>struktur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kontrol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dideskripsikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komponen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">perangkat lunak untuk memperoleh uji kasus”. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Dari pendapat yang dikemukakan di atas dapat
| + | |
| − | disimpulkan bahwa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">white box adalah sebuah cara pengujian yang
| + | |
| − | menggunkan struktur control </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">perangkat lunak. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 149.0pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep Dasar Black Box</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 13.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -2.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Definisi Black Box </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 30.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Menurut Siddiq (2012:4), “Pengujian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">black box</i> adalah pengujian aspek fundamental sistem tanpa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memperhatikan struktur logika internal </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 102%;">perangkat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>lunak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>apakah </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">perangkat lunak berfungsi dengan benar. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Budiman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(2012:4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengujian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">black<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>box</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>merupakan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">metode perancangan data uji yang didasarkan
| + | |
| − | pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spesifikasi perangkat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lunak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dibangkitkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dieksekusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>perangkat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lunak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan kemudian keluaran dari perangkat lunak
| + | |
| − | diuji apakah telah sesuai dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">yang
| + | |
| − | diharapkan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kedua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>definisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>disimpulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metode </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pengujian
| + | |
| − | Black Box digunakan untuk menguji sistem dari segi user yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dititik beratkan pada pengujian kinerja, spesifikasi dan
| + | |
| − | antarmuka sistem </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tersebut tanpa menguji kode program yang
| + | |
| − | ada. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Berbeda dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">white
| + | |
| − | Box</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> Testing tidak
| + | |
| − | membutuhkan pengetahuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengenai,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>internal (internal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>path),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>struktur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>atau </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">implementasi dari software under test (SUT). Karena itu uji coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Box</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>memungkinkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>software<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>himpunan </span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;">kondisi input yang akan melatih seluruh syarat-syarat fungsional suatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">program. </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Uji coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i>
| + | |
| − | bukan merupakan alternatif dari uji coba white </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Box, tetapi merupakan
| + | |
| − | pendekatan yang melengkapi untuk menemukan kesalahan lainnya, selain
| + | |
| − | menggunakan metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">white Box</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> Testing
| + | |
| − | dapat dilakukan pada setiap level pembangunan sistem. Mulai dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unit, integration, system,</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acceptance.</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uji
| + | |
| − | coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> berusaha untuk
| + | |
| − | menemukan kesalahan dalam beberapa kategori, diantaranya: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fungsi-fungsi yang salah atau hilang </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesalahan interface </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Kesalahan
| + | |
| − | dalam struktur data atau akses database eksternal </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesalahan performa </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesalahan inisialisasi dan terminasi</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
| + | |
| − | seperti metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">white Box</i> yang
| + | |
| − | dilaksanakan diawal proses, uji coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black
| + | |
| − | Box </i>diaplikasikan dibeberapa tahapan berikutnya. Karena uji coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> dengan sengaja mengabaikan
| + | |
| − | struktur kontrol, sehingga perhatiannya difokuskan pada informasi domain. Uji
| + | |
| − | coba didesain untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan pertanyaan berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Bagaimana
| + | |
| − | validitas fungsionalnya diuji? </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -12.7pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Jenis
| + | |
| − | input seperti apa yang akan menghasilkan kasus uji yang baik? </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Apakah
| + | |
| − | sistem secara khusus sensitif terhadap nilai input tertentu? </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Bagaimana
| + | |
| − | batasan-batasan kelas data diisolasi? </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Berapa
| + | |
| − | rasio data dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>ditoleransi oleh sistem? </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f. Apa akibat yang akan
| + | |
| − | timbul dari kombinasi spesifik data pada operasi sistem?</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Box</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melewati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa proses sebagai berikut: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menganalisis kebutuhan dan spesifikasi dari
| + | |
| − | perangkat lunak. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Pemilihan
| + | |
| − | jenis input yang memungkinkan menghasilkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>output benar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>input<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memungkinkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>output<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada perangkat lunak yang
| + | |
| − | sedang diuji. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Menentukan
| + | |
| − | output untuk suatu jenis input. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Pengujian
| + | |
| − | dilakukan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>input-input<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang telah benar-benar diseleksi. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Melakukan
| + | |
| − | pengujian. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f. Pembandingan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>output<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>output<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diharapkan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">g. Menentukan
| + | |
| − | fungsionalitas yang seharusnya ada pada perangkat lunak yang sedang diuji.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">2. Metode Pengujian Dalam Black Box </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>macam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengujian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Box</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>berikut diantaranya: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a. Equivalence
| + | |
| − | Partioning </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 9.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Equivalence Partioning</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> merupakan metode uji coba <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> yang membagi domain input dari program menjadi beberapa
| + | |
| − | kelas data dari kasus uji coba yang dihasilkan. Kasus uji penanganan single
| + | |
| − | yang ideal menemukan sejumlah kesalahan (misalnya: kesalahan pemrosesan dari
| + | |
| − | seluruh data karakter) yang merupakan syarat lain dari suatu kasus yang
| + | |
| − | dieksekusi sebelum kesalahan umum diamati.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">b.
| + | |
| − | Boundary Value Analysis </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 9.8pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sejumlah besar
| + | |
| − | kesalahan cenderung terjadi dalam batasan domain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> dari pada nilai tengah. Untuk alasan ini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">boundary value analysis</i> (BVA)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dibuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BVA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>mengarahkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada pemilihan kasus
| + | |
| − | uji yang melatih nilai-nilai batas. BVA merupakan desain teknik kasus uji yang
| + | |
| − | melengkapi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equivalence partitioning</i>.
| + | |
| − | Dari pada memfokuskan hanya pada kondisi input, BVA juga menghasilkan kasus uji
| + | |
| − | dari domain output.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .7pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c. Cause-Effect
| + | |
| − | Graphing Techniques </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cause-Effect
| + | |
| − | Graphing</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> merupakan desain teknik kasus uji coba yang
| + | |
| − | menyediakan representasi singkat mengenai kondisi logikal dan aksi yang
| + | |
| − | berhubungan. Tekniknya mengikuti 4 tahapan berikut: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1)
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Causes</i> (kondisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Effects</i>
| + | |
| − | (aksi) didaftarkan untuk modul dan identifier yang dtujukan untuk
| + | |
| − | masing-masing. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembuatan grafik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Causes-Effect graph</i> </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafik dikonversikan kedalam tabel keputusan
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aturan tabel keputusan dikonversikan kedalam
| + | |
| − | kasus uji</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">d.
| + | |
| − | Comparison Testing </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 6.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam
| + | |
| − | beberapa situasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(seperti: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aircraft avionic, nuclear Power plant
| + | |
| − | control</i>) dimana keandalan suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software</i>
| + | |
| − | amat kritis, beberapa aplikasi sering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ganda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">redundant</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ketika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>software<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>redundant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>tim pengembangan software lainnya membangun versi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">independent </i>dari aplikasi dengan menggunakan spesifikasi yang sama.
| + | |
| − | Setiap versi dapat diuji dengan data uji yang sama untuk memastikan seluruhnya
| + | |
| − | menyediakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i> yang sama.
| + | |
| − | Kemudian seluruh versi dieksekusi secara parallel dengan perbandingan hasil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">real-time </i>untuk memastikan konsistensi.
| + | |
| − | Dianjurkan bahwa versi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">independent</i>
| + | |
| − | suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software </i>untuk aplikasi yang
| + | |
| − | amat kritis harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>walaupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>nantinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>versi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>akan digunakan dalam sistem. Versi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">independent</i>
| + | |
| − | ini merupakan basis dari teknik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box
| + | |
| − | Testing</i> yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Comparison
| + | |
| − | Testing</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">back-to-back Testing</i>.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e.
| + | |
| − | Sample and Robustness Testing </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1)
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sample Testing</i> </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melibatkan beberapa nilai yang terpilih
| + | |
| − | dari sebuah kelas ekivalen, seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Mengintegrasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>kasus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nilai-nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>yang terpilih mungkin dipilih dengan urutan tertentu atau interval
| + | |
| − | tertentu </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">2)
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Robustness Testing</i> </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengujian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>ketahanan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Robustness Testing</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
| + | |
| − | metodologi jaminan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mutu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>difokuskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengujian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketahanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>perangkat lunak. Pengujian ketahanan juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan
| + | |
| − | proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>verifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekokohan (yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebenaran)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>kasus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam proses pengujian. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f.
| + | |
| − | Behavior Testing dan Performance Testing </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1)
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavior Testing</i> </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hasil uji tidak dapat dievaluasi jika
| + | |
| − | hanya melakukan pengujian sekali, tapi dapat dievaluasi jika pengujian
| + | |
| − | dilakukan beberapa kali, misalnya pada pengujian struktur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">data stack</i>.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">2)
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Performance Testing </i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>mengevaluasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemampuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>program<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>untuk beroperasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dipandang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>acuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan. Misalnya:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aliran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>data,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ukuran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemakaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>memori,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecepatan eksekusi, dll.
| + | |
| − | Selain itu juga digunakan untuk mencari tahu beban kerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>kondisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konfigurasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Spesifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengenai performansi
| + | |
| − | didefinisikan pada saat tahap spesifikasi atau desain. Dapat digunakan untuk
| + | |
| − | menguji batasan lingkungan program.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 13.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g. Requirement Testing </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spesifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terasosiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>perangkat lunak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input/output</i>/fungsi/performansi)diidentifikasi
| + | |
| − | pada tahap spesifikasi <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">kebutuhan dan
| + | |
| − | desain. </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .95pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Requirement Testing</i> melibatkan pembuatan
| + | |
| − | kasus uji untuk setiap <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">spesifikasi
| + | |
| − | kebutuhan yang terkait dengan program </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 184.3pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 104%;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memfasilitasinya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>spesifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bisa </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 101%;">ditelusuri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>kasus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">traceability </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">matrix</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">h.
| + | |
| − | Endurance Testing </span></i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Endurance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Testing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melibatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kasus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diulang-ulang dengan jumlah tertentu dengan
| + | |
| − | tujuan untuk mengevaluasi program apakah sesuai dengan spesifikasi kebutuhan. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 27.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Contoh: Untuk menguji keakuratan operasi matematika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">floating
| + | |
| − | point, rounding off,</i> dll), untuk menguji manajemen sumber daya sistem (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resources</i>) (pembebasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>daya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>benar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dll),</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">input/outputs (jika menggunakan framework untuk
| + | |
| − | memvalidasi bagian input dan output). Spesifikasi kebutuhan pengujian
| + | |
| − | didefinisikan pada tahap spesifikasi kebutuhan atau desain.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 135.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -93.4pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">3. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Black Box </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Box</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelebihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">kelemahan. Berikut adalah keunggulan dan
| + | |
| − | kelemahannya: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.95pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Tabel 2.1. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Black Box</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: page; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 122.3pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
| + | |
| − | <tbody>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 42.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.95pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kelebihan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246">
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.95pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kelemahan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 254.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 254.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 162.95pt 263.15pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">a) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Testing</i> dapat menguji <br />
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">keseluruhan fungsionalitas</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.4pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">perangkat lunak.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 162.95pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-width: 103%;">b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black
| + | |
| − | Box</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Testing</i> dapat memilih <br />
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">subset test yang secara efektif dan <br />
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-font-width: 101%;">efisien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menemukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cacat. <br />
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Dengan cara ini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Box</i> Testing <br />
| + | |
| − | dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memaksimalkan <br />
| + | |
| − | </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Testing investment</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">.</span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.95pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 254.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 1.7pt; margin-top: 2.9pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 12.55pt; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a)
| + | |
| − | Ketika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black <br />
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;">Box<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Testing</span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan <br />
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pernah yakin apakah perangkat <br />
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;">lunak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diuji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benar-<br />
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">benar lolos pengujian. </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.95pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 122.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | </tbody></table>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teori
| + | |
| − | Khusus</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.9pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mikrokontroller</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Definisi Mikrokontroler</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut
| + | |
| − | Malik (2009:1), bahwa “Mikrokontroler adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>sebagai sebuah sistem komputer yang dibangun pada sebuah keping (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chip</i>) tunggal”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Saefullah dkk (2009:319),<span style="color: #00b050;"> </span>“Mikrokontroler
| + | |
| − | merupakan komponen utama atau biasa disebut juga sebagai otak yang berfungsi
| + | |
| − | sebagai pengatur pergerakan motor (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Motor
| + | |
| − | Driver</i>) dan pengolah data yang dihasilkan oleh komparator sebagai bentuk
| + | |
| − | keluaran dari sensor”</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mikrokontroler
| + | |
| − | merupakan sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">processor</i> yang
| + | |
| − | digunakan untuk kepentingan kontrol. Meskipun mempunyai bentuk yang jauh lebih
| + | |
| − | kecil dari suatu komputer pribadi dan computer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mainframe</i>, mikrokontroler dibangun dari elemen – elemen dasar yang
| + | |
| − | sama. Seperti umumnya komputer, mikrokontroler adalah alat yang mengerjakan
| + | |
| − | instruksi – instruksi yang diberikan kepadanya. Artinya, bagian terpenting dan
| + | |
| − | utama dari suatu sistem terkomputerisasi adalah program itu sendiri yang dibuat
| + | |
| − | oleh seorang programmer. Program ini menginstruksikan komputer untuk melakukan
| + | |
| − | tugas yang lebih kompleks yang diinginkan oleh programmer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Karakteristik Mikrokontroller</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Malik
| + | |
| − | (2009:2), karakteristik mikrokontroler mempunyai beberapa komponen-komponen
| + | |
| − | yaitu:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">CPU (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Central Procesing Unit</i>)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">RAM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Read Only Memory</i>)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I/O (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Input/Output</i>)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Adapun ketiga komponen tersebut secara bersama-sama membentuk
| + | |
| − | sistem komputer dasar. Beberapa mikrokontroler memiliki tambahan komponen lain,
| + | |
| − | misalnya ADC (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analog Digital Converter</i>),
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Timer/Counter</i>, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Klasifikasi Mikrokontroller</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Malik (2009:3), mikrokontroler memiliki beberapa
| + | |
| − | klasifikasi yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ROM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flash Memory</i>) dengan kapasitas 1024 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">byte</i> (1 KB)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">RAM
| + | |
| − | berkapasitas 68 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">byte</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">EEPROM
| + | |
| − | (memori data) berkapasitas 64 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">byte</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Total 13
| + | |
| − | jalur I/O (Port B 8 bit)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Timer/Counter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 8 bit dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prescaler</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Fasilitas
| + | |
| − | pemrograman di dalam sistem (ICSP = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In
| + | |
| − | Circuit Serial Programing</i>) </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Malik (2009:3), bahwa Beberapa fitur yang umumnya ada di
| + | |
| − | dalam mikrokontroler adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">RAM
| + | |
| − | (Random Access Memory) </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">RAM
| + | |
| − | digunakan oleh mikrokontroler untuk tempat penyimpanan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">variabel</i>. Memori ini bersifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">volatile</i>
| + | |
| − | yang berarti akan kehilangan semua datanya jika tidak mendapatkan catu daya. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ROM
| + | |
| − | (Read Only Memory) </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ROM
| + | |
| − | seringkali disebut sebagai kode memori karena berfungsi untuk tempat
| + | |
| − | penyimpanan program yang akan diberikan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Register
| + | |
| − | </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Merupakan
| + | |
| − | tempat penyimpanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nilai–nilai yang akan
| + | |
| − | digunakan dalam proses yang telah disediakan oleh mikrokontroler. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Special
| + | |
| − | Function Register </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Merupakan
| + | |
| − | register khusus yang berfungsi untuk mengatur jalannya mikrokontroler. Register
| + | |
| − | ini terletak pada RAM. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Input
| + | |
| − | dan Output Pin </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> adalah bagian yang berfungsi
| + | |
| − | sebagai penerima signal dari luar, pin ini dapat dihubungkan ke berbagai media <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>an seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keypad</i>, sensor, dan sebagainya. Pin output adalah bagian yang
| + | |
| − | berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan signal dari hasil proses algoritma mikrokontroler.
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Interrupt
| + | |
| − | </span></i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Interrupt</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> bagian dari mikrokontroler
| + | |
| − | yang berfungsi sebagai bagian yang dapat melakukan interupsi, sehingga ketika
| + | |
| − | program utama sedang berjalan, program utama tersebut dapat diinterupsi dan
| + | |
| − | menjalankan program interupsi terlebih dahulu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ATMega328</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Syahid (2012:33), ”ATMega328 merupakan
| + | |
| − | mikrokontroler keluarga AVR 8 bit. Beberapa tipe mikrokontroler yang sama
| + | |
| − | dengan ATMega8 ini antara lain ATMega8535, ATMega16, ATMega32, ATMega328, yang
| + | |
| − | membedakan antara mikrokontroler antara lain adalah, ukuran memori, banyaknya
| + | |
| − | GPIO (pin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>/output), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peripherial</i> (USART,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">timer,
| + | |
| − | counter,</i> dll).”</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari segi ukuran fisik, ATMega328 memiliki ukuran fisik
| + | |
| − | lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan beberapa mikrokontroler diatas. Namun untuk
| + | |
| − | segi memori dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">periperial</i> lainnya ATMega328
| + | |
| − | tidak kalah dengan yang lainnya karena ukuran memori dan periperialnya relatif
| + | |
| − | sama dengan</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ATMega8535, ATMega32, hanya saja jumlah GPIO lebih
| + | |
| − | sedikit dibandingkan mikrokontroler diatas.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mikrokontroller ini memiliki beberapa fitur antara lain : </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">130
| + | |
| − | macam instruksi yang hampir semuanya dieksekusi dalam satu siklus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clock</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">32 x
| + | |
| − | 8-bit register serba guna. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kecepatan
| + | |
| − | mencapai 16 MIPS dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clock</i> 16 MHz.
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">32
| + | |
| − | KB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flash</i>
| + | |
| − | memory dan pada arduino memiliki <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bootloader</i>
| + | |
| − | yang menggunakan 2 KB dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flash</i>
| + | |
| − | memori sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bootloader</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EEPROM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Electrically
| + | |
| − | Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory</i>) sebesar 1KB sebagai tempat
| + | |
| − | penyimpanan data semi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">permanent</i>
| + | |
| − | karena EEPROM tetap dapat menyimpan data meskipun catu daya dimatikan. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SRAM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Static
| + | |
| − | Random Access Memory</i>) sebesar 2KB. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memiliki
| + | |
| − | pin I/O digital sebanyak 14 pin 6 diantaranya PWM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pulse Width Modulation</i>) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i>.
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Master / Slave</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> SPI Serial<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> interface</i>.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mikrokontroler
| + | |
| − | ATMega328 memiliki arsitektur Harvard, yaitu memisahkan memori untuk kode
| + | |
| − | program dan memori untuk data sehingga dapat memaksimalkan kerja dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paralelisme</i>. Instruksi – instruksi dalam
| + | |
| − | memori program dieksekusi dalam satu alur tunggal, dimana pada saat satu
| + | |
| − | instruksi dikerjakan instruksi berikutnya sudah diambil dari memori program.
| + | |
| − | Konsep inilah yang memungkinkan instruksi – instruksi dapat dieksekusi dalam
| + | |
| − | setiap satu siklus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clock</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">32 x 8-bit register serba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>guna digunakan untuk mendukung operasi pada ALU (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arithmatic Logic unit</i>) yang dapat dilakukan dalam satu siklus. 6
| + | |
| − | dari register serbaguna ini dapat digunakan sebagai 3 buah register <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pointer</i> 16-bit pada mode pengalamatan
| + | |
| − | tak langsung untuk mengambil data pada ruang memori data. Ketiga register <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pointer</i> 16-bit ini disebut dengan
| + | |
| − | register X ( gabungan R26 dan R27 ), register Y ( gabungan R28 dan R29 ), dan
| + | |
| − | register Z ( gabungan R30 dan R31 ). </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hampir semua instruksi AVR memiliki format 16-bit. Setiap alamat
| + | |
| − | memori program terdiri dari instruksi 16-bit atau 32-bit. Selain register serba
| + | |
| − | guna di atas, terdapat register lain yang terpetakan dengan teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memory mapped<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>I/O selebar 64 byte. Beberapa register ini digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk fungsi khusus antara lain sebagai
| + | |
| − | register <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Control Timer</i>/ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Counter,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interupsi</i>, ADC, USART, SPI, EEPROM, dan fungsi I/O lainnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berikut ini adalah tampilan arsitektur ATmega
| + | |
| − | 328 :</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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| − |
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.9. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Arsitektur</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
| + | |
| − | ATMega328</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(Sumber:
| + | |
| − | Data sheet Microcontroler : 8)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>Konfigurasi PIN ATMega328</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.10. Konfigurasi PIN
| + | |
| − | ATMega328</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Sumber
| + | |
| − | : jurnal Syahid tahun 2012 halaman 34)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Syahid (2012:34) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ATMega328
| + | |
| − | memiliki 3 buah PORT utama yaitu PORTB, PORTC, dan PORTD dengan total pin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input/output</i> sebanyak 23 pin. PORT
| + | |
| − | tersebut dapat difungsikan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input/output</i>
| + | |
| − | digital atau difungsikan sebagai periperial lainnya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port B </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port B
| + | |
| − | merupakan jalur data 8 bit yang dapat difungsikan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input/output</i>. Selain itu PORTB juga dapat memiliki fungsi
| + | |
| − | alternatif seperti di bawah ini. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ICP1
| + | |
| − | (PB0), berfungsi sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Timer Counter</i>
| + | |
| − | 1 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capture</i> pin. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">OC1A
| + | |
| − | (PB1), OC1B (PB2) dan OC2 (PB3) dapat difungsikan sebagai keluaran PWM (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pulse Width Modulation</i>). </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">MOSI
| + | |
| − | (PB3), MISO (PB4), SCK (PB5), SS (PB2) merupakan jalur komunikasi SPI.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selain
| + | |
| − | itu pin ini juga berfungsi sebagai jalur pemograman serial (ISP).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port C </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port C
| + | |
| − | merupakan jalur data 7 bit yang dapat difungsikan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i> digital.
| + | |
| − | Fungsi alternatif PORTC antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ADC6 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">channel</i> (PC0,PC1,PC2,PC3,PC4,PC5) dengan
| + | |
| − | resolusi sebesar 10 bit. ADC dapat kita gunakan untuk mengubah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> yang berupa tegangan analog menjadi
| + | |
| − | data digital. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I2C (SDA
| + | |
| − | dan SDL) merupakan salah satu fitur yang terdapat pada PORTC. I2C digunakan
| + | |
| − | untuk komunikasi dengan sensor atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">device</i>
| + | |
| − | lain yang memiliki komunikasi data tipe I2C seperti sensor kompas, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accelerometer nunchuck</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port D </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Port D <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan jalur data 8 bit yang masing-masing
| + | |
| − | pin-nya juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat difungsikan
| + | |
| − | sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">output</i>. Sama
| + | |
| − | seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Port B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Port C, Port D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga memiliki fungsi alternatif dibawah ini. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">USART
| + | |
| − | (TXD dan RXD) merupakan jalur data komunikasi serial dengan level sinyal TTL.
| + | |
| − | Pin TXD berfungsi untuk mengirimkan data serial, sedangkan RXD kebalikannya
| + | |
| − | yaitu sebagai pin yang berfungsi untuk menerima data serial. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Interrupt</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> (INT0 dan INT1) merupakan
| + | |
| − | pin dengan fungsi khusus sebagai interupsi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware</i>.
| + | |
| − | Interupsi biasanya digunakan sebagai selaan dari program, misalkan pada saat
| + | |
| − | program berjalan kemudian terjadi interupsi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware/software</i>
| + | |
| − | maka program utama akan berhenti dan akan menjalankan program interupsi. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">XCK
| + | |
| − | dapat difungsikan sebagai sumber <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clock
| + | |
| − | external</i> untuk USART, namun kita juga dapat memanfaatkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clock</i> dari CPU, sehingga tidak perlu
| + | |
| − | membutuhkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">external clock</i>. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">T0 dan
| + | |
| − | T1 berfungsi sebagai masukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">counter
| + | |
| − | external</i> untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">timer </i>1 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">timer</i> 0. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">AIN0 dan
| + | |
| − | AIN1 keduanya merupakan masukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>
| + | |
| − | untuk analog <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">comparator</i>.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep Dasar Komponen Elektronika</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi elektronika</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut
| + | |
| − | Chandra (2011:9), “Komponen-komponen elektronika dibagi dalam jenis komponen
| + | |
| − | pasif dan komponen aktif”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut
| + | |
| − | Budiharto (2009:1), bahwa ”Elektronika adalah merupakan bidang yang menarik
| + | |
| − | untuk dipelajari oleh pelajar dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hobbyist</i>
| + | |
| − | karena dapat berkreasi apa saja sesuai keinginan”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:10), komponen elektronika dibagi menjadi 2
| + | |
| − | kelompok yaitu:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Komponen
| + | |
| − | Pasif</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:10) bahwa “Komponen pasif adalah
| + | |
| − | komponen-komponen elektronika yang apabila dialiri aliran listrik tidak
| + | |
| − | menghasilkan tenaga seperti: perubahan tegangan, pembalikan fasa, penguatan dan
| + | |
| − | lain-lain”. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:10), ada beberapa komponen yang termasuk
| + | |
| − | dalam komponen pasif di antaranya adalah:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Resistor
| + | |
| − | atau Tahanan</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kapasitor
| + | |
| − | atau Kondensator</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Trafo
| + | |
| − | atau Transformator</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Komponen
| + | |
| − | aktif</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:33), bahwa “Komponen aktif adalah komponen
| + | |
| − | yang apabila dialiri aliran listrik akan menghasilkan sesuatu tenaga baik
| + | |
| − | berbentuk penguatan maupun mengatur aliran listrik yang melaluinya”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:33), ada beberapa yang termasuk komponen
| + | |
| − | aktif antara lain adalah:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dioda</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Transistor</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">IC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Intragated Circuit)</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thyristor
| + | |
| − | atau SCR <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Silicon Controller Recifier)</i></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Arduino</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Arduino
| + | |
| − | adalah<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>sebuah<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>board<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>krokontroller<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>yang berbasis<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>AT<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ega328.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Arduino<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;">
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>mili<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>14<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>pin<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>input/outp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">u</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>yang <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ana
| + | |
| − | 6<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pin<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dapat digunakan<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>output<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
| + | |
| − | </span>PWM,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>6<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>analog<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>input, crystal<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>osilator 16<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>MHz,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>koneksi USB,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>jack<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>power,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>kepala<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ICSP,
| + | |
| − | dan<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bol reset.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Arduino<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>en-<i>support<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>krokontroller; dapat<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>dikoneksikan<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>enggunakan<span style="letter-spacing: -.65pt;"> </span>kabel<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | </span>USB. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
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| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
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| − | <br /></div>
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| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
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| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
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| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gambar </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.11. Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber :<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></b><a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Arduino dapat diberikan power melalui koneksi
| + | |
| − | USB atau power supply. Powernya menyala secara otomatis. Power supply dapat
| + | |
| − | menggunakan adaptor DC atau baterai. Adaptor dapat dikoneksikan dengan mencolok
| + | |
| − | jack adaptor pada koneksi port input supply. Board arduino dapat dioperasikan
| + | |
| − | menggunakan supply dari luar sebesar 6 - 20 volt. Jika supply kurang dari 7V,
| + | |
| − | kadangkala pin 5V akan menyuplai kurang dari 5 volt dan board bisa menjadi
| + | |
| − | tidak stabil. Jika menggunakan lebih dari 12 V, tegangan di regulator bisa
| + | |
| − | menjadi sangat panas dan menyebabkan kerusakan pada board. Rekomendasi tegangan
| + | |
| − | ada pada 7 sampai 12 volt. Arduino sendiri memiliki IDE untuk compiler.
| + | |
| − | Proses kerja Arduino ialah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan
| + | |
| − | pemrograman pada IDE, compile, dan upload binary/hex file ke kontroler. Berbeda
| + | |
| − | dengan Processing yang kode hasil compile langsung dijalankan di komputer, kode
| + | |
| − | hasil compile Arduino harus diupload ke kontroler sehingga dapat dijalankan.
| + | |
| − | Fungsi tombol pada IDE Arduino: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Verify<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cek error dan lakukan kompilasi kode. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Upload<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Upload kode ke board/kontroler.
| + | |
| − | Asumsi bahwa board dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serial
| + | |
| − | port telah disetting dengan benar. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">New<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Membuat aplikasi baru. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Open<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Buka proyek yang telah ada atau dari
| + | |
| − | contoh-contoh/examples. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Save<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
| + | |
| − | Simpan proyek anda. Serial Monitor: Membuka serial port </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monitor untuk melihat feedback/umpan balik
| + | |
| − | dari board </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penjelasan
| + | |
| − | pada pin power adalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Vin </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tegangan input ke board arduino ketika
| + | |
| − | menggunakan tegangan dari luar (seperti yang disebutkan 5 volt dari koneksi USB
| + | |
| − | atau tegangan yang diregulasikan). Pengguna dapat memberikan tegangan melalui
| + | |
| − | pin ini, atau jika tegangan suplai menggunakan power jack, aksesnya menggunakan
| + | |
| − | pin ini. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5V </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Regulasi power supply digunakan untuk power
| + | |
| − | mikrokontroller dan komponen lainnya pada board. 5V dapat melalui Vin
| + | |
| − | menggunakan regulator pada board, atau supply oleh USB atau supply regulasi 5V
| + | |
| − | lainnya. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3,3V</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Suplai 3.3 volt didapat oleh FTDI chip yang ada
| + | |
| − | di board. Arus maximumnya adalah 50mA Pin Ground berfungsi sebagai jalur ground
| + | |
| − | pada arduino </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memori </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ATmega328 memiliki 32 KB flash memori untuk
| + | |
| − | menyimpan kode, juga 2 KB yang digunakan untuk bootloader. ATmega328 memiliki 2
| + | |
| − | KB untuk SRAM dan 1 KB untuk EEPROM. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Input dan Output</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Setiap 14 pin digital pada arduino dapat
| + | |
| − | digunakan sebagai input atau output, menggunakan fungsi pinMode(),
| + | |
| − | digitalWrite(), dan digitalRead(). Input/output dioperasikan pada 5 volt.
| + | |
| − | Setiap pin dapat menghasilkan atau menerima maximum 40 mA dan memiliki internal
| + | |
| − | pull-up resistor (disconnected oleh default) 20- 50 KOhms. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Beberapa pin memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <ol start="1" type="1">
| + | |
| − | <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Serial : 0 (RX) dan 1 (TX). Digunakan
| + | |
| − | untuk menerima (RX) dan mengirim (TX) TTL data serial. Pin ini terhubung
| + | |
| − | pada pin yang koresponding dari USB FTDI ke TTL chip serial. </span></li>
| + | |
| − | <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Interupt eksternal : 2 dan 3. Pin ini
| + | |
| − | dapat dikonfigurasikan untuk trigger sebuah interap pada low value, rising
| + | |
| − | atau falling edge, atau perubahan nilai. </span></li>
| + | |
| − | <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PWM : 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, dan 11. Mendukung
| + | |
| − | 8-bit output </span></li>
| + | |
| − | <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PWM dengan fungsi analogWrite(). </span></li>
| + | |
| − | </ol>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">SPI : 10
| + | |
| − | (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). Pin ini mensuport komunikasi SPI, yang
| + | |
| − | mana masih mendukung hardware, yang tidak termasuk pada bahasa arduino. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <ol start="6" type="1">
| + | |
| − | <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">LED : 13. Ini adalah dibuat untuk koneksi
| + | |
| − | LED ke digital pin 13. Ketika pin bernilai HIGH, LED hidup, ketika pin
| + | |
| − | LOW, LED mati.</span></li>
| + | |
| − | </ol>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Konsep
| + | |
| − | Dasar IC (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Integrated Circuit</i>)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Definisi
| + | |
| − | IC (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Integrated Circuit</i>)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | Menurut
| + | |
| − | Rusmadi (2009:46), bahwa “IC adalah Sebuah rangkaian terpadu”. </div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | Komponen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Integrated
| + | |
| − | Circuit</i> dirancang dari beberapa komponen elektronika seperti transistor,
| + | |
| − | dioda, resistor, kapasitor, dan komponen lainya, sehingga menjadi satu kesatuan
| + | |
| − | yang berbentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chip</i>.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber: Rusmadi (2009:46)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.12. IC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Integrated Circuit)</i></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | Menurut Rusmadi (2009:48), ada beberapa keuntungan dari
| + | |
| − | pengguna IC diantaranya ialah:</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span>Bentuk fisiknya kecil sehingga rangakian jadinya akan
| + | |
| − | kelihatan kecil dan kompak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(compo).</i></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span>Catu daya yang diperlukan kecil.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span>Sistem operasional sangat praktis dan cepat</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span>Baik pemasangan maupun pemakaiannya mudah dan praktis.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span>Harganya relatif murah dibanding dengan menggunakan
| + | |
| − | transistor.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Konsep Dasar Resistor</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi Resistor atau Tahanan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Budiharto (2009:1), Salah satu
| + | |
| − | komponen elektronika yang berfungsi untuk memberikan hambatan terhadap aliran
| + | |
| − | arus listrik. Dari pengertian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">resistor</span> adalah komponen
| + | |
| − | elektronika yang berfungsi memberikan tahanan atau hambatan arus listrik.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor digunakan sebagai bagian dari
| + | |
| − | jejaring elektronik dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_elektronik" title="Sirkuit elektronik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sirkuit elektronik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, dan merupakan salah
| + | |
| − | satu komponen yang paling sering digunakan. Resistor dapat dibuat dari
| + | |
| − | bermacam-macam kompon dan film, bahkan kawat resistansi (kawat yang dibuat dari
| + | |
| − | paduan resistivitas tinggi seperti</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nikel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kromium</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar:
| + | |
| − | 2.13. Resistor</b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sumber: Rusmadi (2009:12))</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik utama
| + | |
| − | dari resisitor adalah resisitansinya dan daya listrik yang dapat dihantarkan.
| + | |
| − | Karakteristik lain termasuk koefisien suhu, listrik dan induktansi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor dapat
| + | |
| − | diintegrasikan kedalam sirkuit hibrida dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_sirkuit_cetak" title="Papan sirkuit cetak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">papan sirkuit cetak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, bahkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sirkuit terpadu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
| + | |
| − | Ukuran dan letak kaki bergantung pada desain sirkuit, kebutuhan daya resistor
| + | |
| − | harus cukup dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan arus rangkaian agar tidak terbakar</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel
| + | |
| − | 2.2. Skema<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Warna Resistor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sumber : Rusmadi (2009:13))</b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Resistor
| + | |
| − | Tetap</b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.85pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:11), bahwa
| + | |
| − | “Resistor tetap adalah resistor yang nilainya besaranyan sudah ditetepkan oleh
| + | |
| − | pabrik pembuatannya dan tidak dapat di ubah-ubah”. Resistor memiliki nilai
| + | |
| − | resistansi, sebagai nilainya ada yang dicantumkan langsung pada badannya dan
| + | |
| − | sebagian lagi karena bentuk fisiknya kecil.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:15), resistor
| + | |
| − | dibagi menjadi 6 yaitu: </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Resistor Kawat </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor kawat ini
| + | |
| − | adalah jenis resistor pertama yang lahir pada generasi pertama pada waktu
| + | |
| − | rangkaian elektroniaka masih mengguanakan Tabung Hampa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vacuum Tube</i>). Bentuknya bervariasi dan fisik agak besar. Resisistor
| + | |
| − | ini biasanya banyak digunakan dalam rangkaian daya karena memiliki ketahanan
| + | |
| − | yang tinggi yaitu disipasi terhadap panas yang tinggi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Resisitor Batang Karbon (Arang)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada awalnya resistor ini dibuat dari
| + | |
| − | bahan karbon kasar yang diberililitan kawat yang kemudian diberi tanda dengan
| + | |
| − | kode warna berbentuk gelang dan untuk pembacaanya dapat dilihat pada table kode
| + | |
| − | warna.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resistor
| + | |
| − | Keramik atau Porselin </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi
| + | |
| − | elektronika, saat ini telah dikembangkan jenis resistor yang dibuat dari bahan
| + | |
| − | keramik atau porselin. Jenis resistor ini banyak dipergunakan dalam
| + | |
| − | rangkaian-rangkaian modern seperti sekarang ini karena bentuk fisiknya kecil
| + | |
| − | dan memiliki ketahanan yang tinggi. Di pasaran kita akan menjumpai resisitor
| + | |
| − | jenis ini dengan ukuran bervariasi mulai dari 1/4 Watt,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/3 Watt,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>½ Watt, 1 Watt dan 2 Watt.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resisitor
| + | |
| − | Film Karbon</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi
| + | |
| − | para produsen komponen elektronika telah memunculkan jenis resistor yang dibuat
| + | |
| − | dari bahan karbon dan dilapisi dengan bahan film yang berfungsi sebagai
| + | |
| − | pelindung terhadap pengaruh luar. Nilai resistansinya dicantumkan dalam bentuk
| + | |
| − | kode warna seperti pada Resistor Karbon.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resisitor
| + | |
| − | Film Metal</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor Film Metal dibuat dengan bentuk
| + | |
| − | hampir menyerupai resistor film karbon dan memiliki keadalan dan stabilitas
| + | |
| − | yang tinggi dan tahan terhadap perubahan temperatur.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resisitor Tipe Film Tebal</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor jenis ini bentuknya merip
| + | |
| − | dengan resistor film metal, namun resistor ini dirancang khusus agar memiliki
| + | |
| − | kehandalan yang tinggi. Sebagai contoh sebuah resistor film tebal dengan rating
| + | |
| − | daya 2 Watt saja sudah mampu untuk dipakai menahan beban tegangan di atas
| + | |
| − | satuan Kilo Volt.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l36 level4 lfo35; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor Tidak Tetap </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Ialah resistor yang nilai
| + | |
| − | hambatannya atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resistansi</i>nya dapat
| + | |
| − | diubah-ubah. Jenisnya antara lain : hambatan geser, trimpot dan potensiometer.
| + | |
| − | Yang banyak digunakan ialah trimpot dan potensimeter.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo28; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Tahanan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Variabel</i></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> adalah jenis tahanan yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resistansi</i>nya bisa diubah-ubah, seperti </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Potensiometer</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> dengan cara diputar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">dan Trimpot</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (trimer potensiometer).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. LDR (<i>Light Dependent Resistance</i>)</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah tahanan yang nilai resistansinya
| + | |
| − | dipengaruhi oleh cahaya, nilai tahananya akan mengecil apabila terkena cahaya
| + | |
| − | dan membesar apabila tidak terkena cahaya.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. NTC
| + | |
| − | (</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">negative
| + | |
| − | thermal coeffisien</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dan PTC (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">positive thermal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coeffisien</i>)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">adalah jenis tahanan yang nilai tahanannya dipengaruhi
| + | |
| − | oleh perubahan suhu. NTC pada suhu yang tinggi nilai tahanannya turun dan pada
| + | |
| − | suhu yang rendah nilai tahananya naik, sedangkan PTC kebalikannya pada suhu
| + | |
| − | yang tinggi nilai tahanannya naik dan pada suhu yang rendah nilai tahanannya
| + | |
| − | turun.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun
| + | |
| − | resistor tidak tetap dapat dilihat seperti pada gambar 2.15 sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.14. Bentuk fisik dan simbol resistor tidak tetap</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Konsep Dasar Relay</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay adalah komponen listrik yang bekerja
| + | |
| − | berdasarkan prinsip induksi medan elektromagnetis. Jika sebuah penghantar
| + | |
| − | dialiri oleh arus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>listrik, maka di
| + | |
| − | sekitar penghantar tersebut timbul medan magnet. Medan magnet yang dihasilkan
| + | |
| − | oleh arus listrik tersebut selanjutnya diinduksikan ke logam ferromagnetis.
| + | |
| − | Dalam dunia elektronika, relay dikenal sebagai komponen yang dapat
| + | |
| − | mengimplementasikan logika switching. Sebelum tahun 70an, relay merupakan
| + | |
| − | “otak” dari rangkaian pengendali. Baru setelah itu muncul PLC yang mulai
| + | |
| − | menggantikan posisi relay. Relay yang paling sederhana ialah relay
| + | |
| − | elektromekanis yang memberikan pergerakan mekanis saat mendapatkan energi
| + | |
| − | listrik. Secara sederhana relay elektromekanis ini didefinisikan sebagai
| + | |
| − | berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alat
| + | |
| − | yang menggunakan gaya elektromagnetik untuk menutup(atau membuka) kontak
| + | |
| − | saklar.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Saklar
| + | |
| − | yang digerakkan(secara mekanis) oleh daya/energi listrik.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay dibutuhkan dalam rangkaian elektronika
| + | |
| − | sebagai eksekutor sekaligus interface antara beban dan sistem kendali
| + | |
| − | elektronik yang berbeda sistem power supplynya. Secara fisik antara saklar atau
| + | |
| − | kontaktor dengan electromagnet relay terpisah sehingga antara beban dan sister
| + | |
| − | kontrol terpisah. Bagian utama relay elektro mekanik adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kumparan
| + | |
| − | electromagnet</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Saklar
| + | |
| − | atau kontaktor</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Swing
| + | |
| − | Armatur</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Spring
| + | |
| − | (pegas)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.15. Relay</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol motor AC
| + | |
| − | dengan rangkaian kontrol DC atau beban lain dengan sumber tegangan beban.
| + | |
| − | Diantara aplikasi relay yang dapat ditemui diantaranya adalah:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay
| + | |
| − | sebagai kontrol ON/OFF beban dengan sumber tegang berbeda</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay
| + | |
| − | sebagai selektor atau pemilih hubungan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay
| + | |
| − | sebagai eksekutor rangkaian delay(tunda)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relay
| + | |
| − | sebagai protector atau pemutus arus pada kondisi tertentu. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep
| + | |
| − | Dasar Kapasitor atau Kondensator</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi
| + | |
| − | Kapasitor atau Kondensator</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Rusmadi (2009:20), bahwa
| + | |
| − | “Kapasitor adalah Komponen elektronika yang mampu menyimpan arus dan tegangan
| + | |
| − | listrik sementara waktu”. Seperti juga halnya resistor, kapasitor adalah
| + | |
| − | termasuk salah satu komponen pasif yang banyak digunakan dalam membuat
| + | |
| − | rangkaian elektronika.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kapasitor sendiiri berasal dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capacitance </i>atau kapasitas yang artinya
| + | |
| − | adalah kemampuan untuk menyimpan arus listrik (Dalam istilah elektronika
| + | |
| − | diistilahkan sebagai “Muatan Listrik.”) Jadi kapasitor adalah suatu komonen
| + | |
| − | yang dapat diisi dengan muatan listrik kemudian disimpan untuk sementara waktu
| + | |
| − | dan selanjutnya muatan tersebut di kosongakan/dibuang melalui suatu sistem atau
| + | |
| − | dihubungkan ke bumi. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kondensator diidentikkan mempunyai dua
| + | |
| − | kaki dan dua kutub yaitu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Positif (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">positif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negatif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Negatif (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negatif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> serta
| + | |
| − | memiliki cairan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolit" title="Elektrolit"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">elektrolit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan biasanya berbentuk tabung.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Polarized_kondensator_symbol_3.jpg&filetimestamp=20060309192241"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.16. Lambang Kondensator</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sumber: Rusmadi (2009:20)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan jenis yang
| + | |
| − | satunya lagi kebanyakan nilai kapasitasnya lebih rendah, tidak mempunyai kutub
| + | |
| − | positif atau negatif pada kakinya, kebanyakan berbentuk bulat pipih berwarna
| + | |
| − | coklat, merah, hijau dan lainnya seperti tablet atau kancing baju.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Capacitor_symbol.jpg&filetimestamp=20060309192159"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.17. Lambang Kapasitor</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sumber:
| + | |
| − | Rusmadi (2009:20))</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun kebiasaan dan
| + | |
| − | kondisi serta </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikulasi" title="Artikulasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">artikulasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> setiap
| + | |
| − | negara tergantung pada masyarakat yang lebih sering menyebutkannya. Kini
| + | |
| − | kebiasaan orang tersebut hanya menyebutkan salah satu nama yang paling dominan
| + | |
| − | digunakan atau lebih sering didengar. Pada masa kini, kondensator sering
| + | |
| − | disebut kapasitor (<i>capacitor</i>) ataupun sebaliknya yang pada ilmu
| + | |
| − | elektronika disingkat dengan huruf (<b>C</b>).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kapasitansi</b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | Satuan dari kapasitansi kondensator adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farad&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Farad (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Farad</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<i>F</i>).
| + | |
| − | Namun Farad adalah satuan yang terlalu besar, sehingga digunakan:</div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pikofarad (</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) =<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nanofarad (</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) =<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microfarad (</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) =<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Satuan
| + | |
| − | Farad adalah satuan yang sangat besar dan jarang dipergunakan dalam percobaan.
| + | |
| − | Dalam prakteknya biasanya dipergunakan satuan Farad dalam bentuk pecahan
| + | |
| − | seperti berikut ini:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 Farad (F)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>1.000.000 µF (mikroFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 mikroFarad (µF)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>1.000 nF (nanoFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 nanoFarad (nF)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>1.000 pF (pikoFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel
| + | |
| − | 2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Nilai
| + | |
| − | Kapasitansi</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center">
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 85.6pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 416px;"> | + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''TANGERANG'''</P></div> |
| − | <tbody>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
| + | |
| − | <td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 312.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="416">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nilai Kapasitansi </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pF
| + | |
| − | (pikoFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nF
| + | |
| − | (nanoFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">µF
| + | |
| − | (mikroFarad)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,001</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,000
| + | |
| − | 001</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,01</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,000
| + | |
| − | 01</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">100</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,000
| + | |
| − | 1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1000</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,0</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,001</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10.000</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10,0</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,01</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">100.000</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">100,0</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 29.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="111">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.000.000</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="149">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1000,0</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,0</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | </tbody></table>
| + | |
| − | </div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sumber : Rusmadi (2009:18))</b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada
| + | |
| − | jenis kapasitor lain seperti kapasitor elektrolit yang selain memiliki nilai
| + | |
| − | kapasitas juga memiliki parameter-parametera lain seperti batas tegangan kerja.
| + | |
| − | Batas tegangan kerja <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Working Voltage) </i>yaitu
| + | |
| − | batas tegangan maksimum di mana kapasitas tersebut dapat dioperasikan dalam
| + | |
| − | suatu rangaian. Parameter tersebut biasanya dicantumkan langsung pada badan
| + | |
| − | kapasitor. Selain daripada itu untuk jenis-jenis kapasitor pada umumnya diberi
| + | |
| − | tanda (+) dan (-). Tanda tersebut adalah menyatakan polaritas yang harus
| + | |
| − | dihubungkan dengan catu daya. Dalam pemasanganannya harus diperhatikan
| + | |
| − | baik-baik jangan sampai kedua tanda tersebut dipasang terbalik sebab apabiala
| + | |
| − | sampai terbalik akan mengakibatkan kerusakan pada kapasitor tersebut dan bahkan
| + | |
| − | akan merusak rangkaian yang akan dibuat. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apabila
| + | |
| − | kita mendekatkan 2 macam bahan konduktor dengan tidak saling bersentuhan,
| + | |
| − | kemudian kepada kedua bahan tadi kita alirkan aliran listrik, secara teoritis
| + | |
| − | kita telah mendapatkan sebuah Kapasitor sederhana. Namun dalam dunia
| + | |
| − | elektronika tentunya tidak sederhana itu, masih ada faktor lain yang perlu
| + | |
| − | dipertimbangkan dalam pembuatan sebuah Kapasitor.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
| + | |
| − | pembuatan komponen Kapasitor diperlukan suatu bahan yang berfungsi menyekat di
| + | |
| − | antara 2 bahan konduktor. Bahan yang berfungsi sebagai penyekat itu disebut
| + | |
| − | bahan dielektrikum seperti pada gambar di bawah.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.18. Dielektrikum</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 121.05pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sumber:
| + | |
| − | Rusmdi (2009:20))</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seperti
| + | |
| − | terlihat pada gambar di atas, apabila kita membuka sebuah Kapasitor Elektrolit
| + | |
| − | berkas dengan menggunakan sebuah pisau tipis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(cutter), </i>di dalamnya akan terlihat 2 buah lapisan tipis. Setiap
| + | |
| − | lapisan dilapisi lagi dengan bahan metal foil tipis. Setiap metal foil
| + | |
| − | dihubungkan dengan salah satu terminal hubungan listrik. Antara kedua lapisan
| + | |
| − | tadi diberi bahan penyekat yang disebut Dielektrikum. Bahan Dielektrikum pada
| + | |
| − | umumnya dibuat dengan bahan kertas, maka, film, minyak bakelit dan lain-lain.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
| + | |
| − | prakteknya kita mengenal berbagai macam jenis Kapasitor yang namanya
| + | |
| − | disesuaikan dengan nama bahan Dielektrikum yang digunakan dalam membuat
| + | |
| − | komponen Kapasitor. Sebagai contoh misalnya: Bila kapasitor bahan
| + | |
| − | Dielektrikumnya dibuat dari kertas, maka Kapasitor tersebut dinamakan Kapasitor
| + | |
| − | kertas dan kalau bahan Dielektrikumnya dibuat dari bahan elektrolit, maka
| + | |
| − | Kapasitor tersebut dinamakan Kapasitor Elektrolit.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Besarnya
| + | |
| − | kapasitas dari sebuah Kapasitornya dapat ditentukan dengan rumus:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c = 0,0885 x Ɛ x D/d µF</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ɛ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= konstanta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>dielektrikum </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">D = luas bahan
| + | |
| − | metal foil dalam cm<sup>2</sup></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= jarak antara kedua metal foil dalam cm</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
| + | |
| − | rumus di atas, kita dapat melihat bahwa besar kecilnya kapasitas suatu komponen
| + | |
| − | Kapasitor tergantung kepada konstanta dielektrikum atau bahan dielektrikum
| + | |
| − | serta luas bidang bahan dielektrikum yang digunakan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian
| + | |
| − | dari Dielektrikum adalah angkka tetap yang dipergunakan untuk membandingkan
| + | |
| − | suatu bahan Dielektrikum dengan nilai konstanta Dielektrikum udara (Ɛ udara =
| + | |
| − | 1).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel
| + | |
| − | 2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Tabel Daftar Konstanta
| + | |
| − | Bahan Dielektrikum</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 99.9pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 300px;">
| + | |
| − | <tbody>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 35.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konstanta
| + | |
| − | dielektrik</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vakum</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1
| + | |
| − | (sesuai definisi)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Udara</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,00054</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietilena" title="Polietilena"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Polietilena</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2,25</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kertas</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3,5</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PTFE (Teflon(TM))</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2,1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistirena" title="Polistirena"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Polistirena</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2,4-2,7</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrex&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pyrex (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kaca
| + | |
| − | pyrex</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4,7</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karet" title="Karet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karet</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Silikon</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">11,68</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metanol</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beton</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4,5</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Air
| + | |
| − | (20 °C)</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">80,1</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.7pt;" width="156">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_titanat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Barium titanat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Barium
| + | |
| − | titanat</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.3pt;" width="144">
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1200</span></div>
| + | |
| − | </td>
| + | |
| − | </tr>
| + | |
| − | </tbody></table>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sumber: Rusmadi (2009:20))</b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">kristal</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berfungsi
| + | |
| − | untuk menghasilkan sinyal dengan tingkat kestabilan frekuensi yang sangat
| + | |
| − | tinggi. Kristal pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oscilator</i> ini
| + | |
| − | terbuat dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quartz </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rochelle salt</i> dengan kualitas yang baik.
| + | |
| − | Material ini memiliki kemampuan mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik
| + | |
| − | berupa getaran atau sebaliknya. Kemampuan ini lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">piezoelectric effect</i>.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.19. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rangkaian
| + | |
| − | internal kristal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber: http://elektronika-dasar.web.id</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar diatas memperlihatkan rangkaian
| + | |
| − | setara kristal. Rangkaian setara resonansi seri akan berubah jika kristal
| + | |
| − | ditempatkan pada suatu wadah atau “pemegang”. Kapasitansi akibat adanya keping
| + | |
| − | logam akan terhubung paralel dengan rangkaian setara kristal. Dalam hal ini
| + | |
| − | kristal memiliki kemampuan untuk memberikan resonansi paralel dan resonansi
| + | |
| − | seri. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oscilator</i>,
| + | |
| − | kristal yang berfungsi sebagai rangkaian resonansi seri, kristal seolah-olah
| + | |
| − | memiliki induktansi (L), kapasitansi (C) dan resistansi (R). Nilai L ditentukan
| + | |
| − | oleh massa kristal, harga C ditentukan oleh kemampuannya berubah secara mekanik
| + | |
| − | dan R berhubungan dengan gesekan mekanik. Berikut adalah contoh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oscilator</i> menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tank cirkuit </i>kristal sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resonansi</i> seri.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Gambar 2.20. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rangkaian
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oscilator hartley</i> dengan kristal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber:
| + | |
| − | http://elektronika-dasar.web.id</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
| + | |
| − | </span>
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar
| + | |
| − | 2.21. Rangkaian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oscilator colpitts</i>
| + | |
| − | dengan kristal<br />
| + | |
| − | </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sumber: http://elektronika-dasar.web.id</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kristal ini dapat dioperasikan pada
| + | |
| − | rangkaian tangki dengan fungsi sebagai penghasil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">frekuensi</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resonansi</i>
| + | |
| − | paralel. Kristal sendiri dapat dioperasikan sebagai rangkaian tangki. Jika
| + | |
| − | kristal diletakkan sebagai jaringan umpan balik, kristal akan merespon sebagai
| + | |
| − | piranti penghasil resonansi seri. Kristal sebenarnya merespon sebagai tapis
| + | |
| − | yang tajam. Kristal dapat difungsikan sebagai umpan balik pada suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">frekuensi</i> tertentu saja. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscilator hartley</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">colpitts</i> dapat dimodifikasi dengan
| + | |
| − | memasang kristal ini. Stabilitas oscilator akan meningkat dengan pemasangan
| + | |
| − | kristal.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Konsep Dasar LED (<i>Light
| + | |
| − | Emitting Diode</i>)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Widodo Budiharto [2008:2] “LED
| + | |
| − | adalah komponen yang dapat mengeluarkan emisi cahaya. LED juga merupakan produk
| + | |
| − | temuan lain setelah diode. Strukturnya sama dengan dengan diode”.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
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| − |
| + | <div style="font-size: 14pt;font-family: 'times new roman';text-align: center;"> |
| | | | |
| − |
| + | <p style="line-height: 1">'''2014/2015'''</P></div> |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div> | + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | {{pagebreak}} |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Sumber: Dhananjay V.
| + | |
| − | Gadre and Nehul Malhotra (2011:29)</span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 2.22. Lampu LED</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motor
| + | |
| − | Listrik Arus Bolak-Balik AC </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar:
| + | |
| − | 2.23. Motor AC</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elektronika-dasar.web.id
| + | |
| − | › Komponen</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motor listrik arus bolak-balik adalah
| + | |
| − | jenis motor listrik yang beroperasi dengan sumber tegangan arus listrik bolak
| + | |
| − | balik (AC, Alternating Current).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motor
| + | |
| − | listrik arus bolak-balik AC ini dapat dibedakan lagi berdasarkan sumber dayanya
| + | |
| − | sebagai berikut. Motor sinkron, adalah motor AC bekerja pada kecepatan tetap
| + | |
| − | pada sistim frekwensi tertentu. Motor ini memerlukan arus searah (DC) untuk
| + | |
| − | pembangkitan daya dan memiliki torque awal yang rendah, dan oleh karena itu
| + | |
| − | motor sinkron cocok untuk penggunaan awal dengan beban rendah, seperti
| + | |
| − | kompresor udara, perubahan frekwensi dan generator motor. Motor sinkron mampu
| + | |
| − | untuk memperbaiki faktor daya sistim, sehingga sering digunakan pada sistim
| + | |
| − | yang menggunakan banyak listrik. Motor induksi, merupakan motor listrik AC yang
| + | |
| − | bekerja berdasarkan induksi meda magnet antara rotor dan stator. Motor induksi
| + | |
| − | dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok utama sebagai berikut : Motor
| + | |
| − | induksi satu fase. Motor ini hanya memiliki satu gulungan stator, beroperasi
| + | |
| − | dengan pasokan daya satu fase, memiliki sebuah rotor kandang tupai, dan
| + | |
| − | memerlukan sebuah alat untuk menghidupkan motornya. Sejauh ini motor ini
| + | |
| − | merupakan jenis motor yang paling umum digunakan dalam peralatan rumah tangga,
| + | |
| − | seperti fan angin, mesin cuci dan pengering pakaian, dan untuk penggunaan
| + | |
| − | hingga 3 sampai 4 Hp. Motor induksi tiga fase. Medan magnet yang berputar
| + | |
| − | dihasilkan oleh pasokan tiga fase yang seimbang. Motor tersebut memiliki
| + | |
| − | kemampuan daya yang tinggi, dapat memiliki kandang tupai atau gulungan rotor (walaupun
| + | |
| − | 90% memiliki rotor kandang tupai); dan penyalaan sendiri. Diperkirakan bahwa
| + | |
| − | sekitar 70% motor di industri menggunakan jenis ini, sebagai contoh, pompa,
| + | |
| − | kompresor, belt conveyor, jaringan listrik , dan grinder. Tersedia dalam ukuran
| + | |
| − | 1/3 hingga ratusan Hp. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="SV">Sensor cahaya LDR</span></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sensor cahaya adalah jenis resistor
| + | |
| − | yang dapat mengalami perubahan resistansinya apa bila mengalami perbahan
| + | |
| − | menerima besarnya nilai hambatan pada sensor cahaya LDR (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Light Dependen Resistor</i>) tergantung pada besar kesilnya cahaya yang
| + | |
| − | di terima oleh LDR itu sendiri. LDR sering di sebut alat atau sensor yang
| + | |
| − | berupa resistor yang peka terhadap cahaya biasanya LDR terbuat dari. Cadmium
| + | |
| − | sulfide yaitu merupakan bahan semi konduktor yang resistansinya berubah-ubah
| + | |
| − | menurut banyaknya cahaya sinar yang mengenainya resistor LDR pada tempat yang
| + | |
| − | gelap biasanya mencapai sekitar 10 M.. dan di tempat terang LDR mempunyai
| + | |
| − | resistansi turun menjadi sekitari 150. M sepertinya halnya resistor
| + | |
| − | konpensional pemasangangan LDR dapat dilakukan seperti pada gambar berikut</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber:
| + | |
| − | Elektronika-dasar.web.id (2 sep 2012)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar 2.24.
| + | |
| − | Simbol dan fisik sensor cahaya LDR </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Karakteristik sensor cahaya LDR (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Light Dependent resistor</i>)</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sensor
| + | |
| − | cahaya LDR (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">light Dependent Resistor</i>)
| + | |
| − | adalah suatu bentuk komponen yang mempunyai bentuk perubahan resistansi yang
| + | |
| − | besarnya tergantung pada cahaya. Karakteristik LDR terdiri dari dua macam yaitu
| + | |
| − | laju Recovery dan respon Spektral .</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Laju
| + | |
| − | Recovery sensor cahaya LDR </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila sebuah sensor Cahaya di bawa dari suatu ruangan
| + | |
| − | dengan level kekuatan cahaya tertentu ke dalam suatu ruangan yang gelap, maka
| + | |
| − | kita bias amati bahwa nilai dari resistansi nilai dari LDR tidak akan segera
| + | |
| − | berubah resistansinya pada ke adaan ruangan gelap tersebut.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Respon spectral sensor cahaya </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sensor cahaya tidak mempunyai sensitipitas yang sama
| + | |
| − | untuk.setiap panjang gelombang cahaya yang jatuh padanya yaitu warna. Bahan
| + | |
| − | yang biasanya di gunakan sebagai penghantar arus listerik yaitu tembaga,
| + | |
| − | almunium, baja emas dan perak. Dari dari kelima bahan tersebut tembaga
| + | |
| − | merupakan penghantar yang paling banyak di gunakan karena mempunyai daya hantar
| + | |
| − | yang baik (TEDC, 1998)</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perinsip kerja sensor cahaya </span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resistensi
| + | |
| − | sensor cahaya akan berubah seiring dengan perubahan intensitas cahaya yang
| + | |
| − | mengenainya atau yang ada di sekitaarnya dalam ke adaan gelap reesistansinya
| + | |
| − | LDR sekitarn 10. M. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ω </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan dalam ke adaan terang sebesar 1.M.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Ω </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atau kurang LDr
| + | |
| − | terbuat dari bahan semi konduktot seperti kadimum sul-fida dengan bahan ini
| + | |
| − | energy cahaya yang jatuh lebih banyak muatan yang di lepas atau arus listerik
| + | |
| − | meningkat.Artinya resistensi bahan telah mengalami perubahan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa
| + | |
| − | pemograman C</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa C dirancang oleh Dennis M. Ritchie pada tahun
| + | |
| − | 1972 dan dituangkan pada “C Reference Manual” yang diterbitkan oleh Bell
| + | |
| − | Laboratories pada tahun 1974. Bahasa C merupakan perkembangan bahasa BCPL
| + | |
| − | (Basic Combined Programming Language) yang dibuat oleh Dr. Martin Richard dari
| + | |
| − | Cambridge University di Ingggris, kemudian dikembangkan oleh Ken Thompson
| + | |
| − | menjadi bahasa yang disebut dengan B. Dennis M. Ritchie tertarik oleh
| + | |
| − | interpreter bahasa B yang ditulis Ken Thompson tersebut dan mengembangkannya
| + | |
| − | menjadi suatu compiler yang disebut dengan C. Nama C ini dipilih karena
| + | |
| − | merupakan urutan selanjutnya dari B pada alphabetic. Definisi dari bahasa C
| + | |
| − | dikelurkan pada tahun 1979 dalam buku “The Programming Language” oleh Brian
| + | |
| − | Kerninghan dan Dennis M. Ritchie. Sejak saaat itu masyarakat mulai mengenal
| + | |
| − | adanya suatu bahsa yang baik yaitu C. Hingga sekarang telah hadir puluhan versi
| + | |
| − | dari compiler C.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkembangan
| + | |
| − | bahasa di komputer mikro dimulai tahun 1978 yaitu Tiny-C yang ditulis oleh Tom
| + | |
| − | Gibson. Seperti versi dari C sebelumnya, Tiny-C ditulis bukan untuk tujuan
| + | |
| − | komersial melainkan digunakan Tom Gibson untuk mengajarkan anaknya mengenai
| + | |
| − | bahasa C. Tom menyadari nilai komersial dari usahanya dan mulai memasarkan
| + | |
| − | produknya. Tetangga Tom Gibson yaitu George Eberhart (penulis bahasa CI-C68)
| + | |
| − | menulis compiler tiny-c tersebut. Tiny-c kemudian banyak dikembangkan versi
| + | |
| − | bahasa C lainnya yaitu Small-C, C-80, QC, CW/C dan banyak lainnya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenis
| + | |
| − | bahasa C lain yang ditulis untuk komputer mikro adalah BD system C (BDS C).
| + | |
| − | Compiler dari BDS C merupakan hasil kerja dari Leor Zolman. Sewaktu dia berumur
| + | |
| − | 17 tahun Leor Zolman menulis suatu permainan Othello di system operasi UNIX.
| + | |
| − | Pertama kali program Othello dijalankan kurang sempurna, kemudian Leor Zolman
| + | |
| − | menulis bagian dari bahasa C untuk menunjang program Othello tersebut. Setelah
| + | |
| − | mencoba compiler C tersebut Leor Zolman menyadari produknya dapat dipasarkan,
| + | |
| − | yang kemudian banyak digunakan di komputer mikro. Sehingga mulai banyak ditulis
| + | |
| − | versi lain bahasa C yang didasarkan pada BDS C.Versi-versi yang paling popular
| + | |
| − | untuk koputer mikro adalah MS-C (Microsoft C) dan Turbo C.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampai
| + | |
| − | tahun 1982 sistem operasi CP/M dan MP/M merupakan system operasi yang dominan
| + | |
| − | pada komputer mikro. Mulai awal tahun 1983 sistem operasi yang mulai banyak
| + | |
| − | dipergunakan oleh komputermikro adalah MS-DOS dan bahsa C juga dapat
| + | |
| − | dijanlankan denagn system operasi ini. Jadi untuk mikro komputer, system
| + | |
| − | operasi yang dapat menjalankan bahasa C adalah CP/M dan MP/M, MS-DOS dan PC-DOS
| + | |
| − | serta UNIX.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa
| + | |
| − | pemrograman C merupakan bahasa pemrograman yang bersifat umum (General Purpose
| + | |
| − | Language), tidak dikhususkan untuk bidang aplikasi tertentu. Bahasa pemrograman
| + | |
| − | ini digolongkan sebagai bahasa pemrograman tingkat menengah (medium level
| + | |
| − | language). Hal ini dikarenakan Bahasa C memiliki kemampuan dalam mengakses
| + | |
| − | mesin komputer yang mendekati kemampuan bahasa rakitan, tetapi mudah dipelajari
| + | |
| − | dan digunakan seperti halnya bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi. Selain itu
| + | |
| − | bahasa pemrograman C memilki karakteristik lain seperti: hemat ekspresi, alur kontrol,
| + | |
| − | menggunakan struktur data modern, dan kaya dengan operator.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <span class="skimlinks-unlinked"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Pemrograman</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span></b><span class="skimlinks-unlinked"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0cm;">VB.net<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">denniwebid.wordpress.com</span></strong></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar:
| + | |
| − | 2.25. Visual basic.net</b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Microsoft Visual Basic .NET adalah sebuah alat
| + | |
| − | untuk mengembangkan dan membangun aplikasi yang bergerak di atas sistem .NET
| + | |
| − | Framework, dengan menggunakan bahasa BASIC. Dengan menggunakan alat ini, para
| + | |
| − | programmer dapat membangun aplikasi Windows Forms, Aplikasi web berbasis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0cm;">ASP.NET</span></span>,
| + | |
| − | dan juga aplikasi command-line.Alat ini dapat diperoleh secara terpisah dari
| + | |
| − | beberapa produk lainnya (seperti Microsoft Visual C++, Visual C#, atau Visual
| + | |
| − | J#), atau juga dapat diperoleh secara terpadu dalam Microsoft Visual Studio
| + | |
| − | .NET. Bahasa Visual Basic .NET sendiri menganut paradigma bahasa pemrograman
| + | |
| − | berorientasi objek yang dapat dilihat sebagai evolusi dari Microsoft Visual
| + | |
| − | Basic versi sebelumnya yang diimplementasikan di atas .NET Framework.
| + | |
| − | Peluncurannya mengundang kontroversi, mengingat banyak sekali perubahan yang
| + | |
| − | dilakukan oleh Microsoft, dan versi baru ini tidak kompatibel dengan versi
| + | |
| − | terdahulu.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | Apakah Visual Basic .NET dianggap sebagai sebuah versi
| + | |
| − | Visual Basic atau benar-benar bahasa yang berbeda merupakan sebuah topik
| + | |
| − | perdebatan yang hangat. Hal ini dikarenakan sintaksis bahasa Visual Basic .NET
| + | |
| − | tidak mengalami perubahan yang sangat drastis, dan hanya menambahkan beberapa
| + | |
| − | dukungan fitur baru seperti penanganan eksepsi secara terstruktur dan ekspresi
| + | |
| − | yang bisa di-short-circuit-kan. Dua perubahan tipe data pun terjadi saat
| + | |
| − | berpindah ke Visual Basic .NET. Dibandingkan dengan Visual Basic 6.0, tipe data
| + | |
| − | Integer yang dimiliki oleh Visual Basic .NET memiliki panjang dua kali lebih
| + | |
| − | panjang, dari 16 bit menjadi 32 bit. Selain itu, tipe data Long juga sama-sama
| + | |
| − | berubah menjadi dua kali lipat lebih panjang, dari 32 bit menjadi 64 bit.
| + | |
| − | Bilangan bulat 16-bit dalam Visual Basic .NET dinamakan dengan Short. Lagi
| + | |
| − | pula, desainer GUI Windows Form yang terdapat di dalam Visual Studio .NET atau
| + | |
| − | Visual Basic .NET memiliki gaya yang sangat mirip dengan editor form Visual
| + | |
| − | Basic klasik.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | Jika sintaksis tidak banyak yang berubah, lain halnya
| + | |
| − | dengan semantik, yang berubah secara signifikan. Visual Basic .NET merupakan
| + | |
| − | sebuah bahasa pemrograman yang mendukung fitur “Bahasa Pemrograman Berorientasi
| + | |
| − | Objek” secara penuh, karena memang didukung oleh arsitektur Microsoft .NET
| + | |
| − | Framework, yang mengandung kombinasi dari Common Language Runtime dan Base
| + | |
| − | Class Library. Visual Basic klasik, hanya merupakan sebuah bahasa pemrogaman
| + | |
| − | berbasis objek, yang berjalan di atas arsitektur Component Object Model (COM).</div>
| + | |
| − | <div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
| + | |
| − | Perubahan ini telah mengubah banyak asumsi tentang hal
| + | |
| − | yang benar yang harus dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan performa dan kemudahan
| + | |
| − | untuk dipelihara. Beberapa fungsi dan pustaka perangkat lunak, yang ada di
| + | |
| − | dalam Visual Basic klasik, kini tidak terdapat di dalam Visual Basic .NET;
| + | |
| − | mungkin masih banyak yang masih terdapat di dalam Visual Basic .NET, tapi tidak
| + | |
| − | seefisien apa yang ditawarkan oleh .NET Framework. Bahkan jika program Visual
| + | |
| − | Basic klasik bisa dikompilasi dengan benar, sebagian besar program Visual Basic
| + | |
| − | klasik harus melalui beberapa proses refactoring untuk mengadopsi fitur bahasa
| + | |
| − | baru secara keseluruhan.</div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.15.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SQL Server</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SQL
| + | |
| − | Server adalah salah satu produk Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
| + | |
| − | populer saat ini. Fungsi utamanya adalah sebagai database server yang mengatur
| + | |
| − | semua proses penyimpanan data dan transaksi suatu aplikasi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
| + | |
| − | DBMS seperti MS SQL Server biasanya tersedia paket bahasa yang digunakan untuk
| + | |
| − | mengorganisasi basis data yang ada, yaitu Data Definition Language (DDL) dan
| + | |
| − | Data Manipulation Language (DML).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DataDefinitionLanguage(DDL)
| + | |
| − | </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Data
| + | |
| − | Definition Language (DDL) adalah satu paket bahasa DBMS yang berguna untuk
| + | |
| − | melakukan spesifikasi terhadap skema basis data. Hasil kompilasi dari DDL
| + | |
| − | adalah satu set tabel yang disimpan dalam file khusus yang disebut Data
| + | |
| − | Directory/Dictionary. Secara umum perintah perintah dalam DDL berhubungan
| + | |
| − | dengan operasi-operasi dasar seperti membuat basis data baru, menghapus basis
| + | |
| − | data, membuat tabel baru, menghapus tabel, membuat indeks, mengubah struktur
| + | |
| − | tabel. Contoh perintah DDL misalnya, Create Table, Create Index, Alter, dan
| + | |
| − | Drop Database</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data
| + | |
| − | Manipulation Language </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data
| + | |
| − | Manipulation Language (DML) adalah satu paket DBMS yang memperbolehkan pemakai
| + | |
| − | untuk mengakses atau memanipulasi data sebagaimana yang telah diorganisasikan
| + | |
| − | sebelumnya dalam model data yang tepat. Dengan DML dapat dilakukan kegiatan :</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Mengambil informasi yang tersimpan
| + | |
| − | dalam basis data.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Menyisipkan informasi baru dalam basis
| + | |
| − | data.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Menghapus informasi dari tabel.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat dua tipe DML yaitu prosedural
| + | |
| − | dan non prosedural.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedural
| + | |
| − | DML membutuhkan pemakai untuk menspesifikasikan data apa yang dibutuhkan dan
| + | |
| − | bagaimana cara mendapatkannya, sedang non prosedural DML membutuhkan pemakai
| + | |
| − | untuk menspesifikasikan data apa yang dibutuhkan tanpa tahu bagaimana cara
| + | |
| − | mendapatkannya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SQL merupakan kependekan dari Structured
| + | |
| − | Query Language (Bahasa Query Terstruktur). SQL lebih dekat dengan DML dari pada
| + | |
| − | DDL. Namun tidak berarti SQL tidak menyediakan perintah DDL. SQL lebih
| + | |
| − | menekankan pada aspek pencarian dari dalam tabel. Aspek pencarian ini sedemikian
| + | |
| − | penting karena di sinilah sebenarnya inti dari segala upaya kita melakukan
| + | |
| − | pengelolaan data. Data dalam basis data diorganisasi sedemikian rupa dengan
| + | |
| − | tujuan untuk memudahkan pencarian di kemudian hari.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebagai
| + | |
| − | sebuah bahasa, SQL telah distandarisasi dan mengalami beberapa perubahan atau
| + | |
| − | penyempurnaan. SQL muncul pertama kali pada tahun 1970 dengan nama Sequel (nama
| + | |
| − | yang masih sering digunakan hingga saat ini). Standarisasi yang pertama dibuat
| + | |
| − | pada tahun 1986 oleh ANSI (American National Standards Institute) dan ISO
| + | |
| − | (International Standard Organization), yang disebut SQL-86. Pada tahun 1989
| + | |
| − | SQL-86 diperbaharui menjadi SQL-89. Standar terakhir yang dibuat adalah SQL-92.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pernyataan-pernyataan SQL digunakan
| + | |
| − | untuk melakukan beberapa tugas seperti : update data pada basis data, atau
| + | |
| − | menampilkan data dari basis data. Beberapa software RDBMS yang dapat
| + | |
| − | menggunakan SQL, seperti : Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL,
| + | |
| − | Microsoft Access, Ingres, dsb.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap software basis data mempunyai
| + | |
| − | mungkin bahasa perintah / sintaks yang berbeda, namun pada prinsipnya mempunyai
| + | |
| − | arti dan fungsi yang sama. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.16.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Pengertian penyulingan air</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Distilasi
| + | |
| − | (penyulingan) adalah proses pemisahan komponen dari suatu campuran yang berupa
| + | |
| − | larutan cair-cair dimana karakteristik dari campuran tersebut adalah
| + | |
| − | mampu-campur dan mudah menguap, selain itu komponen-komponen tersebut mempunyai
| + | |
| − | perbedaan tekanan uap dan hasil dari pemisahannya menjadi komponen-komponennya
| + | |
| − | atau kelompokkelompok komponen. Karena adanya perbedaan tekanan uap, maka dapat
| + | |
| − | dikatakan pula proses penyulingan merupakan proses pemisahan
| + | |
| − | komponen-komponennya berdasarkan perbedaan titik didihnya.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebagai contoh, proses penyulingan dari
| + | |
| − | larutan garam yang dilakukan di laboratorium, sebagaimana ditunjukkan pada
| + | |
| − | gambar 4.60.Pada gambar tersebut, terlihat, larutan garam (NaCl) dimasukkan
| + | |
| − | pada labu, dimana pada bagian atas dari labu tersebut dipasang alat pengukur
| + | |
| − | suhu atau thermometer. Larutan garam di dalam labu dipanasi dengan menggunakan
| + | |
| − | pembakar Bunsen. Setelah beberapa saat, larutan garam tersebut akan mendidih
| + | |
| − | dan sebagian akan menguap. Uap tersebut dilewatkan kondensor, dan akan
| + | |
| − | terkondensasi yang ditampung pada erlemeyer.Cairan pada erlemeyer merupakan
| + | |
| − | destilat sebagai air murni.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
| + | |
| − |
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar: 2..26. penyulingan air</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
| + | |
| − | operasi distilasi, terjadinya pemisahan didasarkan pada gejala bahwa bila
| + | |
| − | campuran cair ada dalam keadaan setimbang dengan uapnya,komposisi uap dan
| + | |
| − | cairan berbeda. Uap akan mengandung lebih banyak komponen yang lebih mudah
| + | |
| − | menguap, sedangkan cairan akan mengandung lebih sedikit komponen yang mudah
| + | |
| − | menguap. Bila uap dipisahkan dari cairan, maka uap tersebut dikondensasikan,
| + | |
| − | selanjutnya akan didapatkan cairan yang berbeda dari cairan yang pertama,
| + | |
| − | dengan lebih banyak komponen yang mudah menguap dibandingkan dengan cairan yang
| + | |
| − | tidak teruapkan. Bila kemudian cairan dari kondensasi uap tersebut diuapkan
| + | |
| − | lagi sebagian,akan didapatkan uap dengan kadar komponen yang lebih mudah
| + | |
| − | menguap lebih tinggi. Untuk menunjukkan lebih jelas uraian tersebut,berikut
| + | |
| − | digambarkan secara skematis</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level4 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keadaan awal </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mula-mula,
| + | |
| − | pada cairan terdapat campuran A dan B, dimana karakteristik dari
| + | |
| − | komponen-komponen tersebut adalah komponen A lebih mudah menguap (volatil)
| + | |
| − | dibanding komponen B.Komposisi dari kedua komponen tersebut dinyatakan dengan
| + | |
| − | fraksi mol.Untuk fase cair komponen A dinyatakan dengan xA, sedangkan komponen
| + | |
| − | B dinyatakan dengan xB.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Campuran diuapkan sebagian, uap dan
| + | |
| − | cairannya dibiarkan dalam keadaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setimbang.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uap dipisahkan dari cairannya dan
| + | |
| − | dikondensasi; maka didapat dua cairan,cairan I dan cairan II. Cairan I
| + | |
| − | mengandung lebih sedikit komponen A (lebih mudah menguap) dibandingkan cairan
| + | |
| − | II Pada kondisi diatas, dari campuran dua komponen cairan (campuran biner) akan
| + | |
| − | didapat dua cairan yang relatif murni.Hal ini dapat terlaksana,apabila beda
| + | |
| − | titik didih dari kedua komponen tersebu relatif besar.Apabila perbedaan titik
| + | |
| − | didih dari kedua komponen tersebut tidak terlalu jauh,maka perlu dilakukan
| + | |
| − | proses penyulingan sebagaimana ditunjukkan pada gambar 4.62. Pada gambar 4.62
| + | |
| − | merupakan contoh alat penyuling (distillation) kontinyu (sinambung). Pada
| + | |
| − | gambar tersebut terlihat pendidih ulang (reboiler) yang mendapat umpan berupa
| + | |
| − | zat cair secara kontinyu yang merupakan komponen yang akan dipisahkan. Karena adanya
| + | |
| − | panas yang masuk (pemanasan) pada pendidih-ulang, maka zat cair masuk akan
| + | |
| − | diubah sebagian menjadi uap, dalam hal ini uap akan kaya dengan komponen yang
| + | |
| − | volatil (mudah menguap).</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apabila
| + | |
| − | perbedaan titik didih dari komponen tersebut relatif tinggi, maka uapnya hampir
| + | |
| − | merupakan komponen murni.Akan tetapi apabila perbedaan titik didih dari
| + | |
| − | komponen tersebut,tidak terlalu besar,maka uap merupakan campuran dari beberapa
| + | |
| − | komponen.Kemudian uap campura tersebut dikondensasikan, kemudian zat cair hasil
| + | |
| − | kondensasi,sebagian dikembalikan kedalam kolom, yang disebut dengan
| + | |
| − | refluks.Cairan yang dikembalikan tersebut (refluks) diusahakan agar dapat
| + | |
| − | kontak secara lawan arah dengan uap, sehingga diharapkan hasil atas (over head)
| + | |
| − | akan meningkat kemurniannya. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi tersebut (kemurnian
| + | |
| − | meningkat),diperlukan uap yang banyak agar dapat digunakan sebagai refluks dan
| + | |
| − | hasil atas. Kondisi tersebut harus diimbangi dengan panas yang masuk pada
| + | |
| − | reboiler harus besar (ditingkatkan). Hal ini perlu dipertimbangkan, khususnya
| + | |
| − | dalam rangka penghematan energi Dalam distilasi, fase uap yang terbentuk
| + | |
| − | setelah larutan dipanasi, dibiarkan kontak dengan fase cairannya sehingga
| + | |
| − | transfer massa terjadi baik dari fase uap ke fase cair maupun dari fase cair ke
| + | |
| − | fase uap sampai terjadi keseimbangan antara kedua fase. Setelah keseimbangan
| + | |
| − | tercapai,kedua fase kemudian dipisahkan. Fase uap setelah dikondensasikan dalam
| + | |
| − | kondensor disebut sebagai distilat sedangkan sisa cairannya disebut
| + | |
| − | residu.Distilat mengandung lebih banyak komponen yang volatil (mudah menguap)
| + | |
| − | dan residu mengandung lebih banyak komponen yang kurang volatile.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep Dasar Elisitasi</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi Elisitasi</span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut Guritno, Sudaryono dan
| + | |
| − | Untung Rahardja (2010:302), “Elisitasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(elicitation)</i>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">berisi usulan rancangan sistem baru yang diinginkan oleh
| + | |
| − | pihak manajemen terkait dan disanggupi oleh penulis untuk dieksekusi”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis-jenis
| + | |
| − | Elisitasi</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Menurut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Guritno, Sudaryono dan Untung Rahardja </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">2010:302</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Elisitasi didapat melalui metode
| + | |
| − | wawancara dan dilakukan melalui tiga tahap, yaitu sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Elisitasi Tahap I</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Berisi seluruh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">rancangan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> sistem
| + | |
| − | baru yang diusulkan oleh pihak manajemen terkait melalui proses wawancara. </span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Elisitasi Tahap II</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Merupakan hasil pengklasifikasian dari elisitasi tahap I
| + | |
| − | berdasarkan metode MDI. Metode MDI ini bertujuan untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">memisahkan antara rancangan sistem yang
| + | |
| − | penting dan harus ada pada sistem baru dengan rancangan yang disanggupi untuk
| + | |
| − | dieksekusi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">M pada MDI itu artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mandatory</i>.
| + | |
| − | Maksudnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i> tersebut harus
| + | |
| − | ada dan tidak boleh dihilangkan pada saat membuat sistem baru.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">D pada MDI itu artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Desirable.</i>
| + | |
| − | Maksudnya requirement tersebut tidak terlalu penting dan boleh dihilangkan.
| + | |
| − | Tetapi jika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i> tersebut
| + | |
| − | digunakan dalam pembentukan sistem, akan membuat sistem tersebut lebih perfect.
| + | |
| − | <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">I pada MDI itu artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inessential.</i>
| + | |
| − | Maksudnya bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement </i>tersebut
| + | |
| − | bukanlah bagian dari sistem yang dibahas dan merupakan bagian dari luar sistem.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Elisitasi Tahap III</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.2pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Merupakan
| + | |
| − | hasil penyusutan dari elisitasi tahap II dengan cara mengeliminasi semua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i> yang optionnya I pada metode
| + | |
| − | MDI. Selanjutnya semua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i>
| + | |
| − | yang tersisa diklasifikasikan kembali melalui metode TOE.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">T artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Technical</i>,
| + | |
| − | maksudnya bagaimana tata cara / tehnik pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i> tersebut dalam sistem yang diusulkan.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Operasional</i>,
| + | |
| − | maksudnya bagaimana tata cara penggunaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i>
| + | |
| − | tersebut dalam sistem yang akan dikembangkan.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">E artinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Economic</i>,
| + | |
| − | maksudnya berapakah biaya yang diperlukan guna membangun requirement tersebut
| + | |
| − | di dalam sistem.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Metode TOE tersebut dibagi kembali
| + | |
| − | menjadi beberapa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">option</i>, yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut:</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">High</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"> (H) : Sulit
| + | |
| − | untuk dikerjakan, karena tehnik pembuatan dan pemakaiannya sulit serta biayanya
| + | |
| − | mahal. Sehingga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">requirement</i> tersebut
| + | |
| − | harus dieliminasi.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Middle</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"> (M) : Mampu
| + | |
| − | untuk dikerjakan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Low</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"> (L) : Mudah
| + | |
| − | untuk dikerjakan.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Final Draft Elisitasi</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Final draft</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"> merupakan
| + | |
| − | hasil akhir yang dicapai dari suatu proses elisitasi yang dapat digunakan
| + | |
| − | sebagai dasar pembuatan suatu sistem yang akan dikembangkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
| + | |
| − | <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Literature Review</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.85pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guritno, Sudaryono dan Untung Rahardja
| + | |
| − | (2010:86),</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> halaman: 302</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Literature Review</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dalam suatu penelitian adalah mengetahui apakah para
| + | |
| − | peneliti lain telah menemukan jawaban untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian yang kita rumuskan jika
| + | |
| − | dapat menemukan jawaban pertanyaan penelitian tersebut dalam berbagai pustaka
| + | |
| − | atau laporan hasil penelitian yang paling actual, maka kita tidak perlu
| + | |
| − | melakukan penelitian yang sama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Adapun <i>Literatur</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span></i><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Review</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> sebagai landasan dalam mendukung penelitian adalah
| + | |
| − | sebagai berikut:</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.95pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">1. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Mirza Tahir
| + | |
| − | Akhmad pada tahun [2014] dari Perguruan Tinggi Raharja yang berjudul
| + | |
| − | “Pengontrolan pintu air otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroller ATmega 328P” yang
| + | |
| − | membahas tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengontrolan air yang
| + | |
| − | menggunakan sensor yang bias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membaca
| + | |
| − | level ketinggian air berbasis Mikrokontroller ATmega 328 , alat ini di kontrol
| + | |
| − | dengan menggunakan sensor, pada saat sensor membaca level ketinggian air yang
| + | |
| − | sudah di infutkan maka mikrokontroller akan menterjemahkan perintah yang di
| + | |
| − | peruses mencadi perintah motor DC di sertai dengan bunyi Buzzer dan tampilan
| + | |
| − | pada LCD yang memberikan informasi level ketinggian air.</span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">Frendy
| + | |
| − | Yudha Atmaja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;"> dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
| + | |
| − | SURAKARTA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;"> yang berjudul “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">Otomatisasi Kran dan Penampung
| + | |
| − | Air pada Tempat Wudhu Menggunakan Mikrokontroler”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">pada tahun 201</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">0,
| + | |
| − | </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dimana
| + | |
| − | sistem tersebut menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rangkaian
| + | |
| − | simulasi dari kerja sensor infra red yang dapat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mengirimkan sinyal (transmitter)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> unit pemroses terdiri atas mikrokontroler AT89S51, dan
| + | |
| − | keluaran terdiri atas relai. Mikrokontroler menerima <i>input </i>dari sensor,
| + | |
| − | kemudian mikrokontroler memberikan <i>output </i>pada relai. Selanjutnya,
| + | |
| − | keluaran dari relai masuk ke aktuator kran <i>solenoid valve </i>dan pompa air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
| + | |
| − | Untuk jenis mikrokontroller yang digunakan adalah mikrokontroller AT89S51.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Tegar Bhakti
| + | |
| − | Prihantoro dan Rizky Charli Wijaya Husni dari AMIK GLOBAL INFORMATIKA MDP
| + | |
| − | PALEMBANG yang berjudul “Alat Pendeteksi Tinggi Permukaan Air Secara Otomatis
| + | |
| − | Pada Bak Penampungan Air Mengunakan Sensor Ultrasonik Berbasis Mikrokontroler”
| + | |
| − | tahun 2011, alat ini dapat mengisi bak air penampungan berdasarkan volume dan
| + | |
| − | tinggi air berdasarkan keperluan dengan cara melakukan inputan nilai dari
| + | |
| − | keypad, hasil akan ditampilkan di LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Sensor
| + | |
| − | ultasonik berfungsi sebagai alat utama untuk mengetahui ketinggian air pada bak
| + | |
| − | penampungan disertakan dengan rangkaian relay sebagai saklar otomatis untuk
| + | |
| − | mesin pompa air.Untuk jenis mikrokontroller yang digunakan adalah
| + | |
| − | mikrokontroller At</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mega8535</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
| + | |
| − | <br /></div>
| + | |
| − | <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
| + | |
| − | <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
| + | |
| − | </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sutris Astari, Rozeff Pramana, dan Deny Nusyirawan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dari
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS Maritim Raja Ali Haji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang
| + | |
| − | berjudul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> “Kran Air Wudhu’
| + | |
| − | Otomatis Berbasis Arduino Atmega328” pada tahun 2013, alat ini dapat mengontrol
| + | |
| − | pengeluaran air berdasarkan pemakaiannya dengan menggunakan sensor PIR <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Passive Infrared) </i>sebagai pendeteksi
| + | |
| − | objek berupa anggota tubuh manusia, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relay</i>
| + | |
| − | akan mengaktifkan saklar maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">selonoid
| + | |
| − | valve</i> sebagai katup aliran air akan aktif. Untuk jenis mikrokontroller yang
| + | |
| − | digunakan adalah Arduino Atmega 328.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada penelitian ini
| + | |
| − | pengontrolan menggunakan Mikrokontroller ATmega328. Untuk mengontrol
| + | |
| − | pengeluaran air menggunakan sensor PIR.di atas maka penulis mengambil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literature review </i>oleh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sutris Astari, Rozeff Pramana, dan Deny Nusyirawan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,
| + | |
| − | karena penelitian yang di lakukan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Astari, Rozeff Pramana, dan Deny Nusyirawan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> searah dengan
| + | |
| − | penelitian yang sedang saya kerjakan maka penelitian saya merupakan penilitian
| + | |
| − | kedua, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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| + | |
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| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
| + | |
| − | UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
| + | |
| − | </w:LatentStyles>
| + | |
| − | </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
| + | |
| − | <style>
| + | |
| − | /* Style Definitions */
| + | |
| − | table.MsoNormalTable
| + | |
| − | {mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
| + | |
| − | mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
| + | |
| − | mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-noshow:yes;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-priority:99;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-qformat:yes;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-parent:"";
| + | |
| − | mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
| + | |
| − | line-height:115%;
| + | |
| − | mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
| + | |
| − | font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
| + | |
| − | mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
| + | |
| − | mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
| + | |
| − | mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
| + | |
| − | table.MsoTableGrid
| + | |
| − | {mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
| + | |
| − | mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
| + | |
| − | mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-priority:59;
| + | |
| − | mso-style-unhide:no;
| + | |
| − | border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
| + | |
| − | mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin:0cm;
| + | |
| − | mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
| + | |
| − | mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
| + | |
| − | font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
| + | |
| − | mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
| + | |
| − | mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
| + | |
| − | mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
| + | |
| − | </style>
| + | |
| − | <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
| + | |
| − | <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1042"/>
| + | |
| − | </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
| + | |
| − | <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
| + | |
| − | <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
| + | |
| − | </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
| + | |
